verbs-affixes

Plains Cree verb morphology

The Plains Cree verbs are divided in four groups:

  1. AI: Animate intransitive
  2. II: Inanimate intransitive
  3. TA: Transitive animate
  4. TI: Transitive inanimate

Prefixes

LEXICON VerbPrefixes divides the lexicon into four modes: independent, conjunctive, imperative and future conditional

  • @U.order.indep@ INDEPENDENT ;
  • @U.order.cnj@ CONJUNCT ;
  • IMPERATIVE ;
  • FUTURE_CONDITIONAL ;

LEXICON INDEPENDENT gives flags and prefixes for personprefix

LEXICON IND_TENSE gives flags and prefixes for tense

LEXICON FUTURE_CONDITIONAL gives flags for future conditional (no prefix)

LEXICON CONJUNCT gives flag for conjunctive and prefix ê-, kâ-, kâki-

LEXICON CNJ_TENSE gives prefixes and flags for tense in conjunctive

LEXICON IMPERATIVE gives flag for imperative (no prefixes)

Words marked GG are from Plains Cree Grammar guide and glossary

Preverbs

LEXICON PREVERBS just adds the prefix boundary

Now, lexc directs us to the ../stems/verbs.lexc file, where we find all the verbal stems. The suffixes are then found in the section "Suffixes" right underneath.

Suffixes

fst: AICONJ: stem AICONJw: stem (excl w) Wolv: AICONJ_n AICONJ_w

LEXICON TACONJ_3 TACONJ_2 ;

LEXICON TACONJ_4 TACONJ_2 ;

Intransitive inanimate (II)

LEXICON VIIw

LEXICON VIIw_SG

LEXICON VIIw_PL

LEXICON VIIn

LEXICON VIIn_SG

LEXICON VIIn_PL

LEXICON VIIw_ORDER

LEXICON VIIw_SG_ORDER singular only

LEXICON VIIw_PL_ORDER plural only

LEXICON VIIn_ORDER

LEXICON VIIn_SG_ORDER singular only

LEXICON VIIn_PL_ORDER plural only

LEXICON VIIw_SG_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIw_SG_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIw_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIw_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIn_SG_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIn_SG_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIn_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIn_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VIIw_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VIIw_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VIIw_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VIIw_SG_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIw_SG_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIw_SG_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIw_PL_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIw_PL_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIw_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIn_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VIIn_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VIIn_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VIIn_SG_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIn_SG_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIn_SG_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIn_PL_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIn_PL_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIn_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VIIw_IND_NULL

LEXICON VIIw_IND_SG_SUFFIX singular

LEXICON VIIw_IND_PL_SUFFIX plural

LEXICON VIIn_IND_NULL

LEXICON VIIn_IND_SG_SUFFIX w final singular

LEXICON VIIn_IND_PL_SUFFIX w final plural

LEXICON VIIw_CNJ_NULL

LEXICON VIIw_CNJ_SG_SUFFIX singular

LEXICON VIIw_CNJ_PL_SUFFIX plural

LEXICON VIIn_CNJ_NULL

LEXICON VIIn_CNJ_SG_SUFFIX w final singular

LEXICON VIIn_CNJ_PL_SUFFIX w final plural

LEXICON VIIw_FUT_CON_NULL

LEXICON VIIw_FUT_CON_SG_SUFFIX singular

LEXICON VIIw_FUT_CON_PL_SUFFIX plural

LEXICON VIIn_FUT_CON_NULL

LEXICON VIIn_FUT_CON_SG_SUFFIX w final singular

LEXICON VIIn_FUT_CON_PL_SUFFIX w final plural

Intransitive animate (AI)

LEXICON VAIw

LEXICON VAIw_PL

LEXICON VAIn

LEXICON VAIn_PL

LEXICON VAIw_ORDER

LEXICON VAIw_PL_ORDER plural only

LEXICON VAIn_ORDER

LEXICON VAIn_PL_ORDER plural only

LEXICON VAIw_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VAIw_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VAIn_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VAIn_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VAIw_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VAIw_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VAIw_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VAIw_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VAIw_PL_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIw_PL_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIw_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIw_PL_IMP_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIn_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VAIn_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VAIn_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VAIn_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VAIn_PL_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIn_PL_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIn_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIn_PL_IMP_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VAIw_IND_NI

LEXICON VAIw_IND_NI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_IND_NI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_IND_KI

LEXICON VAIw_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_IND_NULL

LEXICON VAIw_IND_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_IND_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_IND_NI

LEXICON VAIn_IND_NI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_IND_NI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_IND_KI

LEXICON VAIn_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_IND_NULL

LEXICON VAIn_IND_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_IND_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_CNJ_NULL

LEXICON VAIw_CNJ_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_CNJ_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_CNJ_NULL

LEXICON VAIn_CNJ_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_CNJ_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_FUT_CON_NULL

LEXICON VAIw_FUT_CON_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIw_FUT_CON_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_FUT_CON_NULL

LEXICON VAIn_FUT_CON_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VAIn_FUT_CON_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

Transitive inanimate (TI)

  • LEXICON VTI
  • LEXICON VTI_PL Plural
  • LEXICON VTIw NOTE: These inflect just as VAI -w final stems, so they are redirected to those paradigms

LEXICON VTIt_ORDER .

LEXICON VTIt_PL_ORDER plural only NOTE: imperative and fut con go straight to person lexica

LEXICON VTIt_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTIt_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTIt_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTIt_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTIt_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTIt_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTIt_PL_IND_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VTIt_PL_CNJ_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VTIt_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VTIt_PL_IMP_PERSON plural only

LEXICON VTIt_IND_NI

LEXICON VTIt_IND_NI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_IND_NI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_IND_KI

LEXICON VTIt_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_IND_NULL

LEXICON VTIt_IND_NULL_SG_SUFFIX NOTE: X actor will eventually derive to VII, so it is not yet included as per Arok's paradigm

LEXICON VTIt_IND_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_CNJ_NULL

LEXICON VTIt_CNJ_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_CNJ_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_FUT_CON_NULL

LEXICON VTIt_FUT_CON_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTIt_FUT_CON_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

Transitive inanimate (TA)

The VTA verbs split in different orders. There are 5 stem classes in Wolv, 1-5 (VTA-1 through VTA-5)

LEXICON TACONJ_1 Regular verbs

  • LEXICON TACONJ_2 -Vw stem-ending verbs; where + i suf deletes w and i
  • LEXICON TACONJ_2-PL -Vw stem-ending verbs; when deletes w and i plural only forms
  • LEXICON TACONJ_3 -Cw stem-ending verbs; where w and i fuse to o
  • LEXICON TACONJ_4 -t stem-ending verbs; where t becomes s in some cases
  • LEXICON TACONJ_5 verbs that take a -i in 2sg imm. imp. due to moraic constraints
  • LEXICON TACONJ_5-TS verbs that take a -i in 2sg imm. imp. due to moraic constraints, but also have stem final t becoming s in some cases.

LEXICON VTACONJ_WICI Regular verbs

  • LEXICON VTACONJvw_WICI -Vw stem-ending verbs; where + i suf deletes w and i
  • LEXICON VTACONJvw_PL_WICI -Vw stem-ending verbs; when deletes w and i plural only forms
  • LEXICON VTACONJcw_WICI -Cw stem-ending verbs; where w and i fuse to o
  • LEXICON VTACONJt_WICI -t stem-ending verbs; where t becomes s in some cases
  • LEXICON VTACONJi_WICI verbs that take a -i in 2sg imm. imp. due to moraic constraints
  • LEXICON VTACONJti_WICI verbs that take a -i in 2sg imm. imp. due to moraic constraints, but also have stem final t becoming s in some cases

LEXICON VTA_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense

LEXICON VTAvw_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense

LEXICON VTAcw_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense

LEXICON VTAt_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense ; Independent is same as TA regular

LEXICON VTAi_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense ; Conjugates as TA regular except in 2sg IMM IMP

LEXICON VTAti_ORDER Note: Imp and Fut Con don't take tense ; Independent is as TA regular, Imp as TAi, all else is as TAt

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAvw_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_TENSE

LEXICON VTAcw_CNJ_TENSE

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAt_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAt_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAi_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAi_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAti_IND_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTAti_CNJ_TENSE plural only

LEXICON VTA_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTA_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTA_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTA_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_IMP_PERSON Identical to TA IMP

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAvw_PL_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAcw_PL_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTAt_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAt_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAt_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAt_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTAi_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAi_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAi_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAi_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTAti_IND_PERSON

LEXICON VTAti_CNJ_PERSON

LEXICON VTAti_FUT_CON_PERSON

LEXICON VTAti_IMP_PERSON

LEXICON VTA_IND_NI NOTE: No local, as local forms are always with ki-

LEXICON VTA_IND_NI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTA_IND_NI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTA_IND_KI

LEXICON VTA_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTA_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTA_IND_NULL NOTE: never local

LEXICON VTA_IND_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTA_IND_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_NI NOTE: No local, as local forms are always with ki-

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_NI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_NI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_KI

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_NULL NOTE: never local

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAvw_IND_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_NI NOTE: No local, as local forms are always with ki-

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_NI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_NI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_KI

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_NULL NOTE: never local

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_NULL_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAcw_IND_NULL_PL_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAt_IND_KI

LEXICON VTAt_IND_KI_SG_SUFFIX

LEXICON VTAt_IND_KI_PL_SUFFIX

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