root-morphology

Morphology

INTRODUCTION TO THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSER OF NENETS

Definitions for Multichar_Symbols

Analysis symbols

The morphological analyses of wordforms of the TUNDRA NENETS language are presented in this system in terms of following the symbols. (It is highly suggested to follow existing standards when adding new tags).

  • +WORK WORK HAS TO BE DONE Do not remove, replaces +TYÄ The parts-of-speech are:
  • +N
  • +A
  • +Adv
  • +V
  • +Pron
  • +CS
  • +CC
  • +Adp
  • +Po
  • +Pr
  • +Interj
  • +Pcle
  • +Num

The parts of speech are further split up into:

  • +Prop
  • +Pers
  • +Dem
  • +Interr
  • +Refl reflexive
  • +Recipr
  • +Rel
  • +Indef
  • +Refr referential adverbs

Adv

  • +Manner
  • +Refr (referential),
  • +Temp

The Usage extents are marked using the following tags:

  • +Err/Orth
  • +Use/-Spell
  • +Use/SpellNoSugg recognized but not suggested in speller
  • +Rus (100% Russian homograph)

Dialects

  • +Dial/W (Western dialects),
  • +Dial/T (Taimyr dialect ),
  • +Dial/E (Eastern dialects),

The nominals are inflected in the following Case and Number

  • +Sg
  • +Du
  • +Pl
  • +Acc
  • +Gen (Genitive)
  • +Abl
  • +Dat
  • +Loc
  • +Nom
  • +Pros (Prosecutive)
  • +Tra
  • +Abe
  • +Adc
  • +Ins
  • +Apr
  • +Ine
  • +Ill
  • +Ela
  • +Egr
  • +Prl
  • +Pred = predestinative

are these needed?:

  • +Appr
  • +Advc
  • +Ter
  • +Pro
  • +Car
  • +Equ

derivative suffixes before case endings

  • +Lim limitative

The possession is marked as such:

  • +PxSg1
  • +PxSg2
  • +PxSg3
  • +PxDu1
  • +PxDu2
  • +PxDu3
  • +PxPl1
  • +PxPl2
  • +PxPl3

The comparative forms are:

  • +Pos
  • +Comp
  • +Superl

Numerals are classified under:

  • +Attr
  • +Card
  • +Ord

Verb moods are:

  • +Ind
  • +Pot
  • +Conj
  • +Imprt
  • +Opt
  • +Hort
  • +Mod/appr approximative imperfective
  • +Mod/des desiderative
  • +Mod/futappr approximative futuritive
  • +Mod/hyp hyperprobablitative
  • +Mod/int interrogative
  • +Mod/narr narrative
  • +Mod/nec necessitativee
  • +Mod/obl obligative
  • +Mod/rep reputative
  • +Mod/sup superprobabilitative
  • +Mod/perfappr approximative perfective
  • +Mod/perfprob perfective probabilitative
  • +Mod/prob imperfective probabilitative

Verb tenses are:

  • +Aor
  • +Prt
  • +Prt1
  • +Prt2

Verb personal forms are:

Subject

One of the two following

  • +Sg1
  • +Sg2
  • +Sg3
  • +Pl1
  • +Pl2
  • +Pl3
  • +ScSg1
  • +ScSg2
  • +ScSg3
  • +ScDu1
  • +ScDu2
  • +ScDu3
  • +ScPl1
  • +ScPl2
  • +ScPl3

Object

  • +OcSg3
  • +OcDu3
  • +OcPl3

Other verb forms are

  • +InfImprf
  • +InfPrf
  • +PrcImprf
  • +PrcPrf
  • +PrcNeg
  • +PrcFut
  • +GerFin
  • +Subord
  • +Aud
  • +Evas
  • +Ger
  • +ConNeg
  • +ConNegII
  • +Neg
  • +ImprtII
  • +PrsPrc
  • +Sup
  • +VGen
  • +VAbess

Abbreviated words are classified with:

  • +ABBR
  • +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, ©
  • +ACR

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

»7
Literal »
«7
Literal « 
  %[%>%]  - Literal >
  %[%<%]  - Literal <

Special symbols are classified with:

  • +CLB
  • +PUNCT
  • +LEFT
  • +RIGHT

The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity:

  • +TV
  • +IV
  • +Aux auxilliary verb

Special multiword units are analysed with:

  • +Multi

Non-dictionary words can be recognised with:

  • +Guess

Question and Focus particles:

  • +Qst
  • +Foc
  • +Sem/Act Activity
  • +Sem/Amount Amount
  • +Sem/Ani Animate
  • +Sem/Aniprod Animal Product
  • +Sem/Body Bodypart
  • +Sem/Body-abstr siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi
  • +Sem/Build Building
  • +Sem/Build-part Part of Bulding, like the closet
  • +Sem/Cat Category
  • +Sem/Clth Clothes
  • +Sem/Clth-jewl Jewelery
  • +Sem/Clth-part part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji...
  • +Sem/Ctain Container
  • +Sem/Ctain-abstr Abstract container like bank account
  • +Sem/Ctain-clth
  • +Sem/Curr Currency like dollár, Not Money
  • +Sem/Dance Dance
  • +Sem/Dir Direction like GPS-kursa
  • +Sem/Domain Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
  • +Sem/Drink Drink
  • +Sem/Dummytag Dummytag
  • +Sem/Edu Educational event
  • +Sem/Event Event
  • +Sem/Feat Feature, like Árvu
  • +Sem/Feat-phys Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
  • +Sem/Feat-psych Psychological feauture
  • +Sem/Feat-measr Psychological feauture
  • +Sem/Fem Female name
  • +Sem/Food Food
  • +Sem/Food-med Medicine
  • +Sem/Furn Furniture
  • +Sem/Game Game
  • +Sem/Geom Geometrical object
  • +Sem/Group Animal or Human Group
  • +Sem/Hum Human
  • +Sem/Hum-abstr Human abstract
  • +Sem/Ideol Ideology
  • +Sem/Lang Language
  • +Sem/Mal Male name
  • +Sem/Mat Material for producing things
  • +Sem/Measr Measure
  • +Sem/Money Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
  • +Sem/Obj Object
  • +Sem/Obj-clo Cloth
  • +Sem/Obj-cogn Cloth
  • +Sem/Obj-el (Electrical) machine or apparatus
  • +Sem/Obj-ling Object with something written on it
  • +Sem/Obj-rope flexible ropelike object
  • +Sem/Obj-surfc Surface object
  • +Sem/Org Organisation
  • +Sem/Part Feature, oassi, bealli
  • +Sem/Perc-cogn Cognative perception
  • +Sem/Perc-emo Emotional perception
  • +Sem/Perc-phys Physical perception
  • +Sem/Perc-psych Physical perception
  • +Sem/Plant Plant
  • +Sem/Plant-part Plant part
  • +Sem/Plc Place
  • +Sem/Plc-abstr Abstract place
  • +Sem/Plc-elevate Place
  • +Sem/Plc-line Place
  • +Sem/Plc-water Place
  • +Sem/Pos Position (as in social position job)
  • +Sem/Process Process
  • +Sem/Prod Product
  • +Sem/Prod-audio Audio product
  • +Sem/Prod-cogn Cognition product
  • +Sem/Prod-ling Linguistic product
  • +Sem/Prod-vis Visual product
  • +Sem/Rel Relation
  • +Sem/Route Name of a Route
  • +Sem/Rule Rule or convention
  • +Sem/Semcon Semantic concept
  • +Sem/Sign Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
  • +Sem/Sport Sport
  • +Sem/State
  • +Sem/State-sick Illness
  • +Sem/Substnc Substance, like Air and Water
  • +Sem/Sur Surname
  • +Sem/Symbol Symbol
  • +Sem/Time Time
  • +Sem/Tool Prototypical tool for repairing things
  • +Sem/Tool-catch Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
  • +Sem/Tool-clean Tool used for cleaning
  • +Sem/Tool-it Tool used in IT
  • +Sem/Tool-measr Tool used for measuring
  • +Sem/Tool-music Music instrument
  • +Sem/Tool-write Writing tool
  • +Sem/Txt Text (girji, lávlla...)
  • +Sem/Veh Vehicle
  • +Sem/Wpn Weapon
  • +Sem/Wthr The Weather or the state of ground

Semantics are classified with

Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.

  • +V→N
  • +V→V
  • +V→A
  • +Der/xxx
  • +Der/MWN modifier without noun head
  • +Der/Pr this is used with predication of nominals and deverbal modalities
  • _+Der/Cop_ This will replace the nominal conjugation Der/Pr

Morphophonology

To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following symbols in the lexicon files:

  • %{ая%} in Pros
  • %{оё%} in +N+Sg+Nom+PxPl3
  • %{рл%} +N+Sg+Nom+PxSg2
  • %{аяуюØ%} хан+N+Sg+Acc+PxSg1: ханув, ханав
  • %{увм%} +N+Sg+Pros
  • %{вм%} +N+Sg+Nom+PxSg1

And the following triggers to control variation:

  • {front}
  • {back}
  • %^SCSG2 this allows n2d +V+Ind+Aor+ScSg2: %>н°%^SCSG2
  • %^PLNOM disallows i2e +N+Pl+Nom+PxDu1+Der/Cop+Ind+Aor+ScPl3
  • %^PalVariation This allows for тар%{дˮØ%}%>д%{оё%}нзь

Protoletters for xfst:

  • %{ауоэØ%} А1: а А1: у А1: о А1: э schwa
  • %{ауоэиыØ%} before pros

This is the schwa or reduced vowel occurring after x in case endings

  • А2 Alternating between zero and а

These are proto-glottals

  • %{дˮØ%}
  • С1
  • %{нңʼØ%}
  • %{йнңъʼØ%} = These are proto-glottals
  • Г1
  • В1
  • Е1
  • Е2
  • Ы1
  • Д1
  • Ы2 = These are for developing underlying morphology rules

Triggers

  • %^A2O Initially this is used for the noun "я" to enable a: o
  • %^A2I for я: и in пя
  • %^MLenition м: в м: б
  • %^VowLower vowel lowering ы: э у: о
  • %^VowRaise э: ы о: у
  • %^VowLoss stem-final vowel is lost in plural accusative form
  • %^StemVowFronting хасава: хасев
  • %^VowFronting хадась: хадэйнинзь
  • %^PalLoss in combination with stem-final vowel loss
  • %^HardFronting яля: ялэ

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using the following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics:

  • @P.NeedNoun.ON@
  • @D.NeedNoun.ON@
  • @C.NeedNoun@

Object conjugation

  • @P.CONJ.ObjAll@
  • @R.CONJ.ObjAll@
  • @C.CONJ@

The Root lexicon

The word forms in Nenets start from the lexeme roots of basic word classes, or optionally from prefixes:

  • adjectives ;
  • adpositions ;
  • adverbs ;
  • interjections ;
  • nouns ;
  • particles ;
  • pronouns ;
  • propernouns ;
  • quantifiers ;
  • verbs ;
  • V_NEWWORDS ; This is for feeding new verbs.
  • Punctuation ;
  • Symbols ;
  • CONJUNCTION ;
  • SUBJUNCTION ;
  • INTERJECTION ;
  • POSTPOSITION ;