smn-phon-phonology

The Inari Saami letters

• a á â ä b c d e f g h i j k l m n o õ p q r s t u v w x y z æ ä ø ö å č đ ŋ ŧ š ž

• A Á Â Å B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Õ P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Æ Ä Ø Ö Å Č Đ Ŋ Ŧ Š Ž
• %-
• ' the hyphen as hyphen
• ⎈ the ghost sign used in compounding, does not work in hfst

Accented letters, just in case

• É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ù Ì Ë Ü Ï Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý þ Ð é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ë ü ï ê ô û î ã ý þ ð ß ª ß ç

Literal quotes and angles must be escaped (cf morpheme boundaries further down):

• » « > <

Different archiphonemes

• p4: p k4: k l4: l t4: t č4: č c4: c these are consonants that change in cg
• i4: i this is the underlying i consonant
• i2: i u2: u â2: â this is final i, u in contract verbs etc changing to e, o
• i3: i this is invariant i
• a5: a á5: á e5: e i5: i u5: u y5: y o5: o ä5: ä these do not change
• c5: c č5: č d5: d h5: h j5: j l5: l m5: m ŋ5: ŋ r5: r t5: t z5: z these do not change
• b6: b d6: d g6: g clitic consonants, jiemge, epke
• j6: 0 a fake consonant, to get WG rules to function, e.g. puávui
• i6: 0 a fake vowel, to get WG rules to function, e.g. kyehtlov (kyehti6lov)
• ':' is the real apostroph

More abstract archiphonemes

• %^RC: 0 = root cons., lengthened by ^CLEN - máán%RCu máánnun
• %^RV: 0 = root vowel, lengthened by ^RLEN - ta%^RVvlu taavlu
• %^SC: 0 = stem cons, %^SC: j, pluss lengthen after earlier shortening by %^CSH, see lyeme
• %^SV: 0 = stem vowel, lengthened by ^SLEN u: uu - táálu%^SV tááloost
• %^VO: 0 = vowel copy

Triggers

• %^CLEN: 0 = Cons lengthening, with ^RC
• %^CSH: 0 = Cons shortening, laaŋkku - laaŋkun
• %^RVSH: 0 = Root vowel shortening
• %^FCD: 0 = Final consonant deletion
• %^FVD: 0 = Final vowel deletion
• %^EA: 0 = Stem vowel: e and i to a/á in ill, and root vowel ä>á, e(e)>iä, ie>iä, ye>uá
• %^EX: 0 = Stem vowel: i to â where it should have been á, this is Err/Orth only
• %^RLEN: 0 = Root vowel lengthening
• %^SLEN: 0 = Stem vowel lengthening
• %^SVLOW: 0 = Stem vowel lowering â>á and u>o - árppu árppoin, Root vowel shortening when more than one cns in consonant centre and suffix starts with i
• %^SVSH: 0 = Stem vowel shortening kappeer kaperân
• %^WG: 0 = Weak grade trigger
• %^ÁE: 0 = á to e in 3-syll, triggered by ^WG
• %^ÁI: 0 = á to i in 3-syll, triggered by ^WG
• %^VHIGH: 0 = High rootvow for verbs: e>iä, a>o, o>u, ää>áá, ee>iä, note also: ie>iä, ye>uá, uo>uá
• %^VBACK: 0 = Back rootvow for verbs: ä(ä)>a(a), á>aa, uá>o, ye>uo
• %^BLOCK: 0 = This symbol just to block otherwise triggering contexts
• %^IUML: 0 = â to e in front of high suffixes

Trigger ordering in twolc and lexc, from left to right:

SV|ÁE|ÁI  EA|EX|SC  FCD|FVD  WG|CSH  CLEN  VHIGH|VBACK  RVSH|RLEN  SLEN|SVSH  SVLOW

Morpheme boundaries:

Here we define the suffix border > The other borders are not used yet, but still defined:

«

Derivational prefix

»

Derivational suffix

%<

Inflectional prefx

%>

Inflectional suffix

%^

(exceptional) soft hyphenation point and the symbol #, which is Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds

End of alphabet definitions

Sets

• Vow = a á â ä e i o u u2 y æ ø ö å i2 u2 â2 i3 a5 á5 i5 u5 y5 o5 ä5 i6 é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ë ü ï ê ô û î ã ý A Á Â Ä E I O U Y Æ Ø Ö Å É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ú Ì Ë Ü Ï Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý %^RV %^SV ;
• RealVow = a á â ä e i o u y æ ø ö å y5 i2 i5 i3 i6 â2 é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ë ü ï ê ô û î ã ý A Á Â Ä E I O U Y Æ Ø Ö Å É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ú Ì Ë Ü Ï Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý ;
• Cns = b c č d đ f g h j k l m n ŋ p q r s š t ŧ v w x z ž B C Č D Đ F G H J K L M N Ŋ P Q R S Š T Ŧ V W X Z Ž g2 k2 m2 n2 b3 d3 g3 m3 h3 p4 k4 r4 l4 i4 t4 c4 č4 h5 j5 ŋ5 t5 c5 l5 t5 d5 r5 z5 j6 %^RC %^SC ;
• UnvoicedCns = c č f h k p s š t ;
• Geminate = b d g p h t k c f z l m n ŋ r s š v ;
• Sgm = Vow Cns ;
• NotSuffixBorder = Vow %^FCD %FVD Cns %^CSH %^WG %^CLEN %^SLEN %^RLEN %^SVLOW %^RVSH %^ÁE %^ÁI %^EA %^EX %^SVSH ;
• Triggers = %^FCD %^FVD %^WG %^CSH %^CLEN %^SLEN %^RLEN %^RVSH %^SVLOW %^ÁE %^EA %^EX %^ÁI %^SVSH %^VHIGH %^VBACK %^IUML ;
• TriggersnotFCVD = %^WG %^CSH %^CLEN %^SLEN %^RLEN %^RVSH %^SVLOW %^ÁE %^EA %^EX %^ÁI %^SVSH %^VHIGH %^VBACK %^IUML ;
• StemCns = b b3 d d3 g g2 g3 h h2 h3 j l m m2 m3 m8 n n8 n2 ŋ r s ;

Introducing a WG right context

WeakGrade =  (RealVow:) [:RealVow |i6:]  (Cns:) ([%^SV:|%^ÁI:|%^ÁE:]) (%^FCD:) %^WG:0   ; 

As we look at more cases, the WeakGrade definition tends to be longer. We want to keep it short, but we want the code to work Thus, we document.

• The second : RealVow is there for long consonant stems
• The (Cns: ) is there for consonant stems

Consonant rules

Consonant gradation

• x:y consonant gradation
  WG gives x: x and x: y, when there is no consonant lengthening

• va^RVh%^RCo^WG^CLEN>im
• va0vvo00>im

• Quality change of root consonant x:yy
  consonant lengthening after WG, changing h: v, p: v, c: s

• t:đ, also tk4:đh gradation, part 1
  

• jo^RVtk4â^WG^RLEN>
• joođhâ00>

• k4:h gradation for kk4, tk4, rkk4, lkk4
  

• xx:yy gradation for xx4
  puáhhoin, sukk4á: suhháást

• mä^RVtk4i^WG^RLEN>.#.
• määđhi00>.#.

• su^RVkk4á^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• su0hháá000>st

• h:v gradation for hh
  já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI : jäävvil
• kahhaan^CSH^SVSH>ân
• ka0h0an00>ân

• x4:z gradation for xx4

• ru^RVtt4â^WG^RLEN>
• ruu0đâ00>

• haavvâr^CSH^SVSH>ist
• ha00vâr00>ist

• pottáák^SC^CSH^SVSH>ist
• po0t0ákk00>ist

• xy:zy gradation
  ht: vt, we use h

• pihtâs^WG
• pivtâs0

• totk4os^WG
• tođhos0

• á^RVrppu^WG^RLEN>
• áár0pu00>

• á^RVrppu^WG^RVSH>ttáá
• á0r0pu00>ttáá

• riänttus^WG>
• riän0tus0>

• ku^RVrrâ^CSH^RLEN>n
• kuu0râ00>n

• so^RVllâ^CSH^RLEN>n
• soo0lâ00>n

Consonant shortening

• k:0 gradation for xkk4
  for lkk4, rkk4, vkk4

• xyy:xy gradation A
  há%^RVi4ttás%^ÁI

• č:0 in čč4 consonant gradation when CLEN
  when čč4

• i^RVš^RCe^WG>
• i0š0e0>

• lu^RVčč4â^WG^RLEN^SVLOW>in
• luu0já000>in

• From i4j to j when WG and CSH
  e.g. sai4joos: sajoos

• xx:x consonant gradation and shortening and x:x shortening
  weak grade or consonant shortening

• vi^RVššâ^CSH^RVSH>vettee
• vi00šâ00>vettee

• la^RVs^RCe^SVtt^RLEN^SLEN>vettee
• laas0ee0t00>vettee

• cuozzâ^WG^RLEN>
• cuo0zâ00>

• vá^RVddu^CSH^RLEN>n
• váá0du00>n

• tt:t - final consonant and consonant gradation
  consonant gradation, and 3syll verbs in -tt lose t in front of cns-initial suff

• kulluutt^SVSH>
• kullu00t0>

• las^RCe^SVtt^CLEN^SLEN>
• lassee0t00>

• nnj to nj shortening weak grade and consonant shortening
  special rule, e.g. konnjâl -> konjâlân puánnjá

• Word final consonant deletion
  for vaskâm: vaaskâ

• va^RVskâm^FCD^RLEN
• vaaskâ000

• njuolgâd^FCD^RVSH
• njuolgâ000

• Final m in stems, smm to sm
  

• Wordfinal consonants part 1 e%^RVlâčč 1) 2)jurdâččmân: jurdâšmân ju%^RVrdâčč%^RLEN%>mân 3) šš>š in hárávušš>vetteđ

• hárávušš>vetteđ
• hárávu0š>vetteđ

• konnjâl^CSH>ân
• kon0jâl0>ân

• suán^RCju^CLEN>n
• suánnju0>n

• haamit^SC^CSH^SVSH>ist
• ha0mitt00>ist

• su^RVkk4á^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• su0hháá000>st

Consonant lengthening

• Lengthening of root consonant x:yy
  consonant lengthening after WG - h: vv, p: vv, c: ss

• ka^RVss^RCa^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• ka0ss0aa000>st

• va^RVh^RCe^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• va0vvee000>st

• va^RVh^RCe^SV^CLEN^SLEN>n
• va0hhee00>n

• Lengthening of half-long root consonant x:xx
  riččá piiru piirrun niisu niissun

• Lengthening of consonant h5
  this one does not fit into the general rule because of h5: h

• put^RCe^SVst^CLEN^SLEN>
• putteest00>

• ke^RVp^RCidm^CLEN^RLEN^SLEN>ân
• keeppidm000>ân

• kieh^RCâ^WG^CLEN^SVLOW>in
• kievvá000>in

• i^RVšš^RCe^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• i0šš0ee000>st

• kol^RCe^CLEN>
• kolle0>

• kiel^RCâ^CLEN>n
• kiellâ0>n

• č:ij part 1
  

• Lengthening root consonant j:ij 1
  for saje: saijeen

• č:ij and j:ij part 2
  

• sa^RVj^RCe^SV^CLEN^SLEN>n
• sa0ijee00>n

• pááj^RCá^CLEN>n
• pááijá0>n

• vaj^RCe^SVd^CLEN^SLEN>
• vaijeed00>

• nj to nnj consonant lengthening
  special rule, suánju : suánnjun for Par and Ess

• Consonant lengthening after xx:x and xy:zy weak grade with x4 on upper side
  k4, č, p4 kukse: kuvssijn

• Consonant lengthening xy:xyy
  

Stem consonant and suffix consonant

• Assimilation of consonants t d š delet t in front of -ttáá, avoid -tttáá

• haamit>ttáá
• haami0>ttáá

• Wordfinal consonants part 2 e%^RVlâčč cummâlâhč: cummâlâhš

• Final consonant x:xx
  pottáák potákkân

• kahhaan^SC^CSH^RVSH>ist
• ka0ha0nj00>ist

Vowel rules

First syllable vowel shortening

• koonnjâl^CSH>ân
• ko0n0jâl0>ân

• kappeer^CSH^SVSH>ist
• ka0p0er00>ist

• čäällim^CSH>ist
• čä00lim0>ist

• muusik^SC^CSH^RVSH>ist
• mu0sikk00>ist

• aarrân^CSH>ân
• a00rân0>ân

• kiirrâs^RVSH>ân
• ki0rrâs0>ân

• Vowel shortening VV:V
  ráávhu- : rávhoid, käähir%^CSH%>id kuuđiâ%^RVSH%>žân

• Long vowel shortening
  (example?), no ^CSH, since that gives Vy: 0

• e:0 in passive
  

• mááh^RCu^WG^CLEN^SVLOW>in
• má0vvo000>in

• mool^RCâ^WG^RVSH>ttáá
• mo0l0â00>ttáá

• e:0 in passive
  special rule for getting ej̣ittáá instead of ej̣ittáá.

• Underlying long vowel shortening iä:e and ää:ä or a
  čääh%^RCu2%^CLEN%^VBACK%>um

3st stems viäskár veskirin, časkes časkes ča%^RVskas%^ÁE viäskár%^ÁI%^WG%^RVSH

• kaavpug^CSH^RVSH^SVSH>ân
• ka0vpug000>ân

• mool^RCâ^WG>
• mool0â0>

• käähir^WG>
• käävir0>

• juáh^RCu^WG^RVSH>ttáá
• juáv0u00>ttáá

First syllable vowel lengthening

• Root vowel lenghtening in many stems
  no rootvowel length if stem vowel lengthens and the consonantcentre consists of two or more consonants

• kä^RVvnâst^WG^VBACK^RLEN>
• kaavnâst000>

• le^RVkk4â^WG^RLEN>
• lee0hâ00>

• nju^RVne^SV^WG^RLEN^SLEN>st
• njuunee000>st

• Root vowel o5:u
  

• Root vowel ä:ää lenghtening and diphthongisation e:iä
  special rule, for avoiding conflict spä%^RVi4lih%^WG%^RLEN,

• Root vowel o lengthening
  alge : oolgijn

• a^RVlge^WG^RLEN>id
• oolgi00>jd

• va^RVh^RCu^CSH^RLEN>
• vooh0u00>

• Root vowel u lengthening with vowel change before suffix i
  alge : oolgijn

• lo^RVh^RCâ^RLEN>đ
• luuh0â0>đ

• mu^RVšti^WG^VHIGH^RLEN>j
• muušti000>j

• lo^RVh^RCá^WG^VHIGH^RLEN>im
• luuv0á000>im

• ku^RVlgâ^WG^VHIGH^RLEN>i3
• kuulgâ000>i

First syllable vowel change

a rules

• Root vowel change a:o before suffix i and for contract verbs
  alge : olgijn

• Root vowel o:u for contract verbs and Root vowel change o:u before suffix i

• tohhi2>đ
• tuhhi>đ

• lo^RVh^RCá^WG^VHIGH^RLEN>im
• luuv0á000>im

ä rules

• Monophthongisation rule iä:ee 1
  1)

• iä:e rule 1 and second syllable Fleeting vowel before suffix
  Note: many rules in one

• iä:e and iä:ee rule 2 and Diphthongisation i5ä to ie
  

• siämmu2>đ>
• s0emmu>đ>

• Different rules for ä:a, first vowel (or only vowel)
  čääci: čassijn, läbži: labžijn lään^RCi%>id

• njääh^RCi^WG^VBACK>i3
• njaav0i00>i

• ää to aa, second vowel
  á: o in pairs like kuátij -> koođij, säämi -> saamij čäällu%^VBACK%>m lään^RCi%>id

• ää to áá and á0 in Illative and Sg3
  ... for säämi > sáámán

• sääm^RCi^EA>n
• sáám0á0>n

• njääh^RCo^CLEN^VBACK^RVSH>on
• njá0hho000>on

• äRV to áá in Illative and Sg3
  ... for täsni -> táásnán

• tä^RVsni^EA^CSH^RLEN>n
• táásná000>n

• Vowel lengthening äRV to aa
  äigi aaigijd

• sälkki2>đ>
• salkki>đ>

• sääm^RCi^WG>in
• saam0i0>jn

• sääm^RCi^WG>id
• saam0i0>jd

• stäävi2>đ>
• staavi>đ>

• stäävi2>j>
• staavi>j>

• stäävi2>i2>
• staavi>i>

• stäävi2>jeh>
• stääve>jeh>

• kä%^RVvnâ^WG>st^RLEN>
• kaavnâ0>st0>

á

• Root vowel change for á to ä with i in second syllable
  päävir , já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN>

• páápp4ár^ÁI^WG>
• pää0vir00>

• Root and stem vowel á:a for verbs

• pá^RVkk4u2>m
• pa0kku>m

á and uá rules

• Monophthongisation rule uá:o0 part 2:Vowel shortening for uá
  for uábbi -> obbijn čuál%^RCi%^WG%>in tuái4jâl%^CSH%^VBACK%^RVSH%>âm

• Monophthongisation rule u:o and root vowel change u:o, special rule for olmooš and contract verbs
  

• uáinu2>đ
• o0inu>đ

• Diphthong rule uá:uo and uá:oo, part 2
  

• Diphthongisation e to iä, part 1
  

• Root vowel aa:áá in C-stems with stemvowel u, part 1
  ahhu: áhu

• Root vowel aa:áá in C-stems with stemvowel u, part 2
  ahhu: ááhu

• ie to iä in Illative and Sg3
  kiem´ni -> kiämnán, veerdi : viärdán peerru2%^CLEN%^VHIGH%^RVSH%>o

• Diphthongisation uo:uá
  

• ye to uá and uo, part 1
  Part 1 of ye to uá for kyeli : kuálán

• ye to uá, part 2
  Part 2 of ye to uá for kyeli : kuálán

• kyel^RCi3^EA^CLEN>m
• kuállá00>m

• ye to uo, part 2
  Part 2 of ye to uá for kyeli : kuolijn

• uá to ye and uo to ye, part 1
  Part 1 luámmán : lyeme čuággás%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN%>

• vuolle^CLEN>en
• vyelle0>en

• uá to ye, part 2
  Part 2 luámmán : lyeme

Second syllable rules

• Second syllable vowel change á to e or i in 3syll stems
  puttás- > putes, triggers are ^ÁE and ^ÁI já%^RVhhá%^SVl%^ÁI%^WG%^RLEN%> pu5árrás%^ÁI%^WG%>umos

• puttás^ÁE^WG>
• pu0tes00>

• Stemvowel shortening áá and aa to e or i in 3syll
  puttás- > putes, triggers are ^ÁE and ^ÁI

• nahhaar^ÁE^WG>
• na0v0er00>

• Stem vowel e to a for a root vowel.
  alge to aalgan

• a^RVlge^EA^CSH^RLEN>n
• aalga000>n

• va^RVh^RCe^SV^EA^CLEN^SLEN>m
• va0hhaa000>m

• Stem vowel e to á for other root vowel
  if e stem

• Stem vowel i to á for other root vowel.
  e.g. säämi > Ill sáámán

• Stem vowel i to â for other root vowel, as a common error.
  e.g. säämi > Ill Err/Orth sáámân

• Stem vowel i to e in front of j
  

• Stem vowel â to a in Pl Nom -h
  silbâ to siilbah %^WG%^RLEN%>hlove%>h

• so^RVllâ^WG^RLEN>h
• soo0la00>h

• Stem vowel â > á change before i
  sollâ to sooláid

• so^RVllâ^WG^RLEN^SVLOW>in
• soo0lá000>in

• Stem vowel i3:0
  

• Stem vowel u:o change before suffix
  2)

• Stem vowel u2:o change before suffix
  

• uáinu>o
• uáino>o

• Second vowel shortening
  eemeed : emedân, savvoon : savo

• eemeed^CSH^SVSH>ân
• 0em0ed00>ân

• kappeer^CSH^SVSH>ân
• ka0p0er00>ân

• Stem vowel:0 in front of â
  aiguu: aaigâ

• Stem â deleting
  kandâ: kandii

Suffix vowel rules

• Suffix vowel lengthening
  long á in kissáást, nuorâ : nuorááin, hyeni: hyeneest

• ki^RVssá^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• ki0ssáá000>st

• mi^RVllo^SV^WG^CLEN^SLEN>st
• mi0lloo000>st

• huksi^SVm^SLEN>ist
• huksiim0>ist

• táál^RCu^SV^WG^RVSH^SLEN^SVLOW>st
• táál0oo0000>st

• Suffix i5:j for lexicon APINA
  salijn

• Suffix i5:0 and i5ä:e
  timotein oboen, not Chariliein

• Suffix i:j for i and e-stems
  

• Vowel copy in suffix
  for imperative Sg3, at least

Suffix consonant rules

Other rules

• Word final vowel deletion
  for vaskâm: vaaskâ

• sollâ^FVD>ii
• soll00>ii

• Potential vowel shortening for contract verbs
  -áážep becomes -áš etc.

• skäi4nâ^VBACK>đ
• skainâ0>đ

• skä^RVi4nâ^VBACK>đ
• ska0inâ0>đ

• hu^RVm^RCo^SVb^WG^RLEN^SLEN^RLEN^SLEN
• huum0oob00000

• hu^RVm^RCo^SVb^RLEN^SLEN^RVSH>ân
• hu0m0o0b000>ân

• hu^RVm^RCo^SVb^RVSH>ist
• hu0m0o0b0>ist