yrk-phon-phonology

Nenets twol file

Letters of the alphabet

  • а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н ң о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я
  • А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н Ң О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я
  • °:0 Directly from Tapani Salminen extra short vowel
  • ә:а Directly from Tapani Salminen schwa

Archiphonemes for vowels

  • %{ауоэØ%}:а А1: а А1: у А1: о А1: э SCHWA
  • %{ауоэиыØ%}:0 before pros
  • А2: а
  • Ы1: о
  • Ы1: е
  • Ы2: э

Archiphonemes for glottals

  • %{нңʼØ%}:ʼ
  • %{нңʼØ%}:н
  • %{нңʼØ%}:0
  • %{йнңъʼØ%}:й
  • %{йнңъʼØ%}:н
  • %{йнңъʼØ%}:ң
  • %{йнңъʼØ%}:ъ
  • %{йнңъʼØ%}:ʼ
  • %{йнңъʼØ%}:0
  • %{дˮØ%}:ˮ
  • %{дˮØ%}:д
  • %{дˮØ%}:0
  • С1: ˮ
  • С1: с
  • С1: 0
  • %{ая%}:а in Pros
  • %{оё%}:о in +N+Sg+Nom+PxPl3
  • %{рл%}:0 +N+Sg+Nom+PxSg2
  • %{аяуюØ%}:0 хан+N+Sg+Acc+PxSg1: ханув, ханав
  • %{увм%}:0 +N+Sg+Pros
  • %{вм%}:0 +N+Sg+Nom+PxSg1

triggers

  • %^SCSG2: 0 this allows n2d +V+Ind+Aor+ScSg2: %>н°%^SCSG2
  • %^PLNOM: 0 disallows i2e +N+Pl+Nom+PxDu1+Der/Cop+Ind+Aor+ScPl3
  • %^A2O: 0
  • %^A2I: 0
  • %^PalVariation:0 This allows for тар%{дˮØ%}%>д%{оё%}нзь
  • %^MLenition: 0 lenition
  • %^VowLower: 0 vowel lowering ы: э у: о
  • %^VowRaise: 0 vowel raising э: ы о: у
  • %^VowLoss: 0 stem-final vowel is lost in plural accusative
  • %^StemVowFronting: 0 хасава: хасев
  • %^VowFronting: 0 хадась: хадэйнинзь
  • %^PalLoss: 0 in combination with stem-final vowel loss тёня: тён
  • %^HardFronting: 0 яля: ялэ

Boundary symbols

  • %> hash

Rules

к:-> г after nasal glottal

  • му%{нңʼØ%}%>кʼ
  • муң%>гʼ
  • ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>к°ʼ
  • илаң%>г0ʼ

к:to х after Vowels

ты%^VowLower%>да examples:

тэ0%>да examples:

ед°%>к%{ауоэØ%}на examples:

ед0%>хана examples:

намда%^VowLoss%>к%{ауоэØ%}в examples:

намд00%>хав examples:

nTod

му%{нңʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мун0%>дʼ examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

ңум00%>дʼ examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>н°ʼ examples:

ңум00%>д0ʼ examples:

%{нңʼØ%}:н GlottalNasalToSurface

му%{нңʼØ%}%>нд examples:

мун%>0д examples:

му%{нңʼØ%}%>сь examples:

мун0%>зь examples:

му%{нңʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мун0%>дʼ examples:

%{нңʼØ%}:ң GlottalNasalToSurface

му%{нңʼØ%}%>кʼ examples:

муң%>гʼ examples:

%{йнңъʼØ%}:ң GlottalNasalToSurface

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>к°ʼ examples:

илаң%>г0ʼ examples:

%{йнңъʼØ%}:н GlottalNasalToSurface

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>н examples:

илан0%>д examples:

ила%{йнңъʼØ%}%>сиˮ examples:

илан%>зиˮ examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>н°ʼ examples:

илан%>д0ʼ examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>дмʼ examples:

илан%>дмʼ examples:

илан%>дув0 examples:

ил0н%>дув0 examples:

%{йнңъʼØ%}:ъ GlottalNasalToSurface

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}е examples:

ил0ъе examples:

%{нңʼØ%}:0 GlottalNasalToSurface

му%{нңʼØ%}%>мд examples:

му0%>нд examples:

му%{нңʼØ%}%>м°н%{ая%} examples:

му0%>м0на examples:

%{йнңъʼØ%}:0 GlottalNasalToSurface

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>н examples:

илан0%>д examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>°ˮ examples:

ила0%>0ˮ examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>°ць° examples:

ила0%>0ць0 examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>м°н%{ая%} examples:

ил00%>мана examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>н° examples:

ила0%>н0 examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>%{рл%}° examples:

ила0%>л0 examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>мд° examples:

ила0%>нд0 examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>мʼ examples:

ңув0%>мʼ examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

ңум00%>дʼ examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>0ць examples:

ңув0%>аць examples:

%{дˮØ%}:0 GlottalNonNasalToZERO LEFT

мя%{дˮØ%}%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мя00%>тʼ examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>мд° examples:

мя0%>0т0 examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>д%{ая%} examples:

мя0%>та examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%^SCSG2%>нась examples:

мя00%>тась examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>°мʼ examples:

тар00%>0мʼ examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>%{рл%}° examples:

та000%>л0 examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>мд° examples:

мя0%>0т0 examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>д%{ая%} examples:

мя0%>та examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%^SCSG2%>нась examples:

мя00%>тась examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>%{рл%}° examples:

та000%>л0 examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>мд%{ая%} examples:

тар00%>0та examples:

тар00%>0тя examples:

RIGHT ARROW ONLY %{дˮØ%}:0

тар%{дˮØ%}%>ми examples:

тарˮ%>ми examples:

тар0%>ми examples:

тар%{дˮØ%}%>ни examples:

тарˮ%>ни examples:

тар0%>ни examples:

С1:0 GlottalNonNasalToZERO

таС1%>мд° examples:

та0%>0т0 examples:

таС1%>д%{ая%} examples:

та0%>та examples:

ман°С1%>мд examples:

мана0%>0т examples:

ман°С1%>дмʼ examples:

мана0%>тмʼ examples:

таС1%^SCSG2%>нась examples:

та00%>тась examples:

ман°С1%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мана00%>тʼ examples:

С1:ˮ UnderlyingToGlottal

ман°С1%>0в examples:

манаˮ%>ам examples:

%{дˮØ%}:ˮ UnderlyingToGlottal LEFT

мя%{дˮØ%}%>%{ауоэØ%}л examples:

мяˮ%>ал examples:

вар%{дˮØ%}%>вна examples:

варˮ%>мна examples:

тар%{дˮØ%} examples:

тарˮ examples:

тар%{дˮØ%} examples:

тарˮ examples:

RIGHT ARROW ONLY %{дˮØ%}:ˮ

тар%{дˮØ%}%>ми examples:

тарˮ%>ми examples:

тар0%>ми examples:

тар%{дˮØ%}%>ни examples:

тарˮ%>ни examples:

тар0%>ни examples:

%{нңʼØ%}:ʼ UnderlyingToGlottal

с => ц affrication after Stop

мя%{дˮØ%}%>сь examples:

мя0%>ць examples:

ман°С1%>сиˮ examples:

ман00%>циˮ examples:

с => з after nasal

му%{нңʼØ%}%>сь examples:

мун0%>зь examples:

ила%{йнңъʼØ%}%>сиˮ examples:

илан%>зиˮ examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>сиˮ examples:

ил0н%>зиˮ examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>сиˮ examples:

ңум0%>зиˮ examples:

v To m

ман°С1%>0в examples:

манаˮ%>ам examples:

%{рл%}:л

ман°С1%>0%{рл%} examples:

манаˮ%>ал examples:

%{рл%}:р

%{рл%}:р

0:а in single-syllable

  • ман°С1%>0в
  • манаˮ%>ам
  • ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>0ць
  • ңув0%>аць °:а at end of stem

ед°%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

еда0%>нʼ examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>мʼ examples:

ила0%>мʼ examples:

ман°С1%>мд examples:

мана0%>0т examples:

ман°С1%>0%{рл%} examples:

манаˮ%>ал examples:

ман°С1%>0в examples:

манаˮ%>ам examples:

ман°С1%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мана00%>тʼ examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>кʼ examples:

илаң%>гʼ examples:

ʼ:н

Second Vowel Center °:у in Pros LEFT

ә:у in extra short to у

ә:о in extra short to о

ә:и in extra short to и

ә:ы in extra short to ы

ә:э in extra short to э

ә:а in extra short to а

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>кәд examples:

ил0ң0гад examples:

0:а in Pros

ма%>ˮ0н examples:

ма0ˮан examples:

ма%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

ма0ˮам0на examples:

ман°С1%>0%{рл%}° examples:

манаˮ0ал0 examples:

ман°С1%>0м° examples:

манаˮ0ам0 examples:

ман°С1%>0%{рл%}° examples:

манаˮ0ал0 examples:

ман°С1%>0м° examples:

манаˮ0ам0 examples:

хан%>м° examples:

хан0в0 examples:

0:э in Pros

ңэ%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

ңэ0ˮэм0на examples:

0:о between two glottals

хо%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

хо0ˮом0на examples:

я%^A2O%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

ё00ˮом0на examples:

0:и after glottal

си%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

си0ˮим0на examples:

0:ы between two glottals

ңы%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

ңы0ˮым0на examples:

0:у between two glottals

ңу%>ˮ0м°н%{ая%} examples:

ңу0ˮум0на examples:

0:у between two glottals

а:я VowelPalatalization left

%{ая%}:я VowelPalatalization left

%{ая%}:я VowelPalatalization right

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>к°н%{ая%} examples:

тар000кана examples:

тар000кна examples:

тар000каня examples:

тар000кня examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>д%{ая%} examples:

тар000та examples:

тар000тя examples:

%{оё%}:ё VowelPalatalization right

ню%>д%{оё%}ʼ examples:

ню0доʼ examples:

ню0дёʼ examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>д%{оё%}ʼ examples:

тар000тоʼ examples:

тар000тёʼ examples:

The rule %{ауоэØ%} <-> у:

ну%>к%{ауоэØ%}рт examples:

ну0хурт examples:

The rule %{ауоэØ%} -> о:

The rule %{ауоэØ%} -> а:

намда%^VowLoss%>к%{ауоэØ%}в examples:

намд000хав examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>%{ауоэØ%}л examples:

мяˮ0ал examples:

му%{нңʼØ%}%>к%{ауоэØ%}на examples:

муң0гана examples:

ед°%>к%{ауоэØ%}на examples:

ед00хана examples:

%{ауоэØ%} -> а

%{ауоэØ%} -> а

хо%>сеты%>к%{ауоэØ%}ʼ examples:

хо0сеты0хыʼ examples:

%{ауоэØ%} -> а

пя%^A2I%>ˮ%{ауоэØ%}н examples:

пи00ˮин examples:

VOWEL LOWERING

i2e StemFinalYToE LEFT

а:э in stem-internal position

хадаба%^StemVowFronting%^A2I%>н examples:

хадэби000н examples:

a:o in я

a:i in мараңгы

яˮавла%^A2I%>дмʼ examples:

яˮавлы00дмʼ examples:

a:i in ңуда

ңуда%^A2I examples:

ңуди0 examples:

хадаба%^StemVowFronting%^A2I%>н examples:

хадэби000н examples:

о:у word-final position

я:и word-final position

пя%^A2I examples:

пи0 examples:

ңодя%^A2I examples:

ңоди0 examples:

я:е in яха

яха%^A2I examples:

еси0 examples:

а:у яˮавла:яˮавлу LEFT

а:у яˮавла:яˮавлу RIGHT

яˮавла%^VowRaise%>ˮ examples:

яˮавлу00ˮ examples:

а:ю яˮавла:яˮавлу

пэва%^VowFronting%^VowRaise%>ˮ examples:

пэбю000ˮ examples:

VOWEL LOSS

а:ю яˮавла:яˮавлу

а:ю яˮавла:яˮавлу

я:0 Stem vowel loss in plural accusative

тёня%^PalLoss%^VowLoss examples:

тён000 examples:

CONSONANT CHANGES

mToV

хан°%>м° examples:

хана0в0 examples:

хану0в0 examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>0ць examples:

ңув00аць examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>°мʼ examples:

ңув000мʼ examples:

ңум%^MLenition%>о examples:

ңув00о examples:

m loss before Labial followed by nonglottal cons or vows

му%{нңʼØ%}%>мд examples:

мун00д examples:

по%{йнңъʼØ%}%>мд° examples:

пон00д0 examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>мд° examples:

мя000т0 examples:

ңум%{йнңъʼØ%}%>м°н%{ая%} examples:

ңу000м0на examples:

н loss after glottal before д:

му%{нңʼØ%}%>нд examples:

мун00д examples:

по%{йнңъʼØ%}%>нд° examples:

пон00д0 examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>нд° examples:

мя000т0 examples:

ил°%{йнңъʼØ%}%>нд%{ая%} examples:

ил0н00да examples:

илан00да examples:

н loss after glottal before д: r To l after nasal glottal

сыр%>рхавы examples:

сыл00хавы examples:

r To 0 before glottal and р or л

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>%{рл%}° examples:

та0000л0 examples:

сыр%>рхавы examples:

сыл00хавы examples:

n to t after non-nasal glottal

мя%{дˮØ%}%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мя000тʼ examples:

ман°С1%^SCSG2%>нʼ examples:

мана000тʼ examples:

сыр%{йнңъʼØ%}%>нарахав examples:

сыр00тарахав examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%^SCSG2%>нась examples:

мя000тась examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%^SCSG2%>нась examples:

тар0000тась examples:

ман°С1%^SCSG2%>н°ʼ examples:

мана000т0ʼ examples:

d to t after non-nasal glottal

мя%{дˮØ%}%>мд examples:

мя000т examples:

ман°С1%>мд examples:

мана000т examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>д%{ая%} examples:

мя00та examples:

мя%{дˮØ%}%>дмʼ examples:

мя00тмʼ examples:

тар%^PalVariation%{дˮØ%}%>д%{ая%} examples:

тар000та examples:

тар000тя examples:

b to p after non-nasal glottal

сырˮ%>бˮ examples:

сыр00пˮ examples:

ң:0 Before в:м +Sg+Acc+PxPl1:%>ваˮ

илң%>ваˮ examples:

ил00маˮ examples:

The rule ъ:0 with Conj after vowels:

In the first context ...

In the second context ...

ˮ:0

сырˮ%>бˮ examples:

сыр00пˮ examples:

сыр%^SCSG2%>накы examples:

сыр00такы examples:

Realization of glottal stops

SURFACE CONSONANT

х:с in яха

яха%^A2I examples:

еси0 examples:

С1:с GlottalNonNasalToSurface

ман°С1%>°ць° examples:

ман0с0аць0 examples:

%{дˮØ%}:д GlottalNonNasalToSurface

мя%{дˮØ%}%>°ць° examples:

мя00аць0 examples:

%{дˮØ%}:д GlottalNonNasalToSurface

ь:0 with GlottalNonNasalToZERO