olo

Free and Open source Livvi analyser giella-olo

Authors
Timo Rantakaulio and Jack Rueter in cooperation with the Divvun and Giellatekno teams
Software version
2012
Documentation license
GNU GFDL
SVN Revision
$Revision:68217 $
SVN Date
$Date:2013-01-16 11:31:33 +0200 (Wed, 16 Jan 2013) $

giella-olo

This is free and open source Livvi (Olonets) morphology.

The tags and root lexica of the morphological fst of Livvi

Multichar symbols

The morphological analyses of wordforms of Livvi are presented in this system in terms of following symbols. (It is highly suggested to follow existing standards when adding new tags).

  • +TYÄ This alerts workers of work to be done

The parts-of-speech are:

  • +A adjective
  • +Adp adposition
  • +Adv adverb
  • +CS subordinating conjunction
  • +CC coordinating conjunction
  • +Interj interjection
  • +N noun
  • +Pcle particle
  • +Po postposition
  • +Pr preposition
  • +Pron pronoun
  • +Qnt quantifier
  • +V verb
  • +Num numeral
  • +AdA Ad-adjective
  • +Bahuv Bahuvrihi
  • +Conj
  • +Prop

Pronouns

  • +Dem demonstrative
  • +Indef indefinite
  • +Dep dependent word requiring the presence of another, e.g. мень
  • +Interr interrogative
  • +Pers personal
  • +Recipr reciprocal
  • +Refl reflexive
  • +Rel relative

Useage

The Usage extents are marked using following tags:

  • +Err/Orth
  • +Err/Sub
  • +Use/Marg marginal (?)
  • +Use/-Spell Excluded in speller
  • +Use/SpellNoSugg recognized but not suggested in speller
  • +Use/Circ circular paths (old ^C^)
  • +Use/CircN circular paths for the numerals (old ^N^)
  • +Use/NG not-generate, for ped generation isme-ped.fst

The nominals are inflected in the following Case and Number

  • +Sg singular
  • +Pl plural
  • +Abe abessive
  • +Abl ablative case
  • +Acc accusative
  • +Ade adessive case
  • +All Allatiivi
  • +Apr Approximative
  • +Com comitative
  • +Ela elative
  • +Ess essive
  • +Gen genitive case
  • +Ill illative
  • +Ine inessive
  • +Ins instrumental
  • +Lat Lative
  • +Loc Locative
  • +Nom nominative case
  • +Par partitive
  • +Prl prolative
  • +Ter Terminative
  • +Tra translative
  • +Pros
  • +Adc
  • +Egr
  • +Dat dative case

The possession is marked as such:

  • +PxSg1
  • +PxSg2
  • +PxSg3
  • +PxDu1
  • +PxDu2
  • +PxDu3
  • +PxPl1
  • +PxPl2
  • +PxPl3
  • +PxSP3

The comparative forms are:

  • +Pos
  • +Comp
  • +Superl

Numerals and Quantifiers are classified under:

  • +Iter Iterative form expressing number of times; myv: кавксть, kpv: кыкысь
  • +Attr
  • +Card
  • +Ord

Verb tenses are:

+Prs Present, non-past Tense

Verb moods are:

  • +Prs Indicative
  • +Prs Imperative
  • +Prs Conditional
  • +Prs Potential

Verb personal forms are: Other verb forms are +Inf : Infinitive +Act : active voice +Pss : passive voice +PrfPrc : past participle +PrsPrc : present participle +RcPrfPrc : reflexive past participle +Ger : Gerund

  • +Symbol = independent symbols in the text stream, like £, €, © Special symbols are classified with: The verbs are syntactically split according to transitivity: Special multiword units are analysed with: Non-dictionary words can be recognised with:

Question and Focus particles:

  • +Qst +Foc
  • +Clt/gi
  • +Clt/hAi
  • +Clt/bo
  • +Sem/Act Activity
  • +Sem/Amount Amount
  • +Sem/Ani Animate
  • +Sem/Aniprod Animal Product
  • +Sem/Body Bodypart
  • +Sem/Body-abstr siellu, vuoig?a, jierbmi
  • +Sem/Build Building
  • +Sem/Build-part Part of Bulding, like the closet
  • +Sem/Cat Category
  • +Sem/Clth Clothes
  • +Sem/Clth-jewl Jewelery
  • +Sem/Clth-part part of clothes, boallu, sávdnji...
  • +Sem/Ctain Container
  • +Sem/Ctain-abstr Abstract container like bank account
  • +Sem/Ctain-clth
  • +Sem/Curr Currency like dollár, Not Money
  • +Sem/Dance Dance
  • +Sem/Dir Direction like GPS-kursa
  • +Sem/Domain Domain like politics, reindeerherding (a system of actions)
  • +Sem/Drink Drink
  • +Sem/Dummytag Dummytag
  • +Sem/Edu Educational event
  • +Sem/Event Event
  • +Sem/Feat Feature, like Árvu
  • +Sem/Feat-phys Physiological feature, ivdni, fárda
  • +Sem/Feat-psych Psychological feauture
  • +Sem/Feat-measr Psychological feauture
  • +Sem/Fem Female name
  • +Sem/Food Food
  • +Sem/Food-med Medicine
  • +Sem/Furn Furniture
  • +Sem/Game Game
  • +Sem/Geom Geometrical object
  • +Sem/Group Animal or Human Group
  • +Sem/Hum Human
  • +Sem/Hum-abstr Human abstract
  • +Sem/Ideol Ideology
  • +Sem/Lang Language
  • +Sem/Mal Male name
  • +Sem/Mat Material for producing things
  • +Sem/Measr Measure
  • +Sem/Money Has to do with money, like wages, not Curr(ency)
  • +Sem/Obj Object
  • +Sem/Obj-clo Cloth
  • +Sem/Obj-cogn Cloth
  • +Sem/Obj-el (Electrical) machine or apparatus
  • +Sem/Obj-ling Object with something written on it
  • +Sem/Obj-rope flexible ropelike object
  • +Sem/Obj-surfc Surface object
  • +Sem/Org Organisation
  • +Sem/Part Feature, oassi, bealli
  • +Sem/Perc-cogn Cognative perception
  • +Sem/Perc-emo Emotional perception
  • +Sem/Perc-phys Physical perception
  • +Sem/Perc-psych Physical perception
  • +Sem/Plant Plant
  • +Sem/Plant-part Plant part
  • +Sem/Plc Place
  • +Sem/Plc-abstr Abstract place
  • +Sem/Plc-elevate Place
  • +Sem/Plc-line Place
  • +Sem/Plc-water Place
  • +Sem/Pos Position (as in social position job)
  • +Sem/Process Process
  • +Sem/Prod Product
  • +Sem/Prod-audio Audio product
  • +Sem/Prod-cogn Cognition product
  • +Sem/Prod-ling Linguistic product
  • +Sem/Prod-vis Visual product
  • +Sem/Rel Relation
  • +Sem/Route Name of a Route
  • +Sem/Rule Rule or convention
  • +Sem/Semcon Semantic concept
  • +Sem/Sign Sign (e.g. numbers, punctuation)
  • +Sem/Sport Sport
  • +Sem/State
  • +Sem/State-sick Illness
  • +Sem/Substnc Substance, like Air and Water
  • +Sem/Sur Surname
  • +Sem/Sur-Fem Female Surname
  • +Sem/Sur-Mal Male Surname
  • +Sem/Symbol Symbol
  • +Sem/Time Time
  • +Sem/Tool Prototypical tool for repairing things
  • +Sem/Tool-catch Tool used for catching (e.g. fish)
  • +Sem/Tool-clean Tool used for cleaning
  • +Sem/Tool-it Tool used in IT
  • +Sem/Tool-measr Tool used for measuring
  • +Sem/Tool-music Music instrument
  • +Sem/Tool-write Writing tool
  • +Sem/Txt Text (girji, lávlla...)
  • +Sem/Veh Vehicle
  • +Sem/Wpn Weapon
  • +Sem/Wthr The Weather or the state of ground

semantic types of adverbs

Semantics are classified with

Derivations are classified under the morphophonetic form of the suffix, the source and target part-of-speech.

  • +V→N
  • +V→V
  • +V→A
  • +Der/Tostu with numerals 11-19
  • +Der/xxx
  • +Der/Rc used in verbs for deriving reflexive conjugation
  • +Der/Ta
  • +Der/Te
  • +Der/mA
  • +Der/mine
  • +Der/Tu
  • +Der/IA
  • +Der/mbi comparative
  • +Der/Us A>>N derivation
  • +Der/A Adjective derivation
  • +Der/MWN Modifier without Noun head

Morphophonology

To represent phonologic variations in word forms we use the following symbols in the lexicon files:

%{aoeInf%} Back vowel infinitive marker %{äöeInf%} Front vowel infinitive marker

  • %{aäPar%} no diphthongs
  • %{aäDiph%} This is for diphthongs such as the infinitive marker after i and u stems
  • %{aäoeöuiy%} with partitive type
  • %{aäoeö%} newer This is for diphthongs such as the infinitive marker after i and u stems
  • %{aäuyiØ%} in participle endings anticipating PÄIVY or KOIRU type
  • %{aä%}
  • %{oö%}
  • %{oöØ%} Used in present participle
  • %{uy%} %{ui%} in imperative before %{aä%}:
  • A2 used with verb types V_AVATA
  • %{ijPRC%} participle
  • %{lnrs%} e.g. in perfect participles
  • %{dtlnr%} e.g. infinitive and Ind+Prs+Pl3

And following triggers to control variation

  • %{front%}
  • %{back%}
  • %>
  • %^DEVOICE
  • %^VOICE pestä: pezen %^Pen pagisou paistah in with WGStem to trigger pen coda
  • %^WGStem weak grade
  • %^E1 causes a: e in kandua : kannettu
  • %^SyllBound syllable boundary
  • %^D2Z Triggers ti=>zi
  • %^A2O before plural "i"
  • %^A2U +Nom+Sg
  • %^A2UÄ2Y with single vowels %^E2O the e => o, e => ö +Ind+Prs+ScSg3 %^Ä2I ä => i %^A2UÄ2I a => u, ä => i in consecutive vowels %^V2U v => y kävvä käydy
  • %^NONE no regular change
  • %^KS2S "aluksen" is "alus" in the nominative singular
  • %^ILoss the i => 0 reboi reboloi _ %^RmVow _ vowel removal, e.g. with superlative

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

»7
Literal »
«7
Literal « 
  %[%>%]  - Literal >
  %[%<%]  - Literal <
  • QAQ1
  • QAO1
  • EH1
  • QEQ1
  • INE1
  • ZD1
  • ZS1
  • V1
  • AO1
  • EI1
  • ZS1
  • ZD1

These are for developing underlying morphology rules

  • D1
  • E1
  • N1

Symbols that need to be escaped on the lower side (towards twolc):

  • »
  • «
  • > (escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with > as morpheme boundary)
  • < (escaped with square brackets, to avoid collision with < as morpheme boundary)

Flag diacritics

We have manually optimised the structure of our lexicon using following flag diacritics to restrict morhpological combinatorics - only allow compounds with verbs if the verb is further derived into a noun again:

@P.NeedNoun.ON@ (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@D.NeedNoun.ON@ (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised
@C.NeedNoun@ (Dis)allow compounds with verbs unless nominalised

For languages that allow compounding, the following flag diacritics are needed to control position-based compounding restrictions for nominals. Their use is handled automatically if combined with +CmpN/xxx tags. If not used, they will do no harm.

@P.CmpFrst.FALSE@ Require that words tagged as such only appear first
@D.CmpPref.TRUE@ Block such words from entering ENDLEX
@P.CmpPref.FALSE@ Block these words from making further compounds
@D.CmpLast.TRUE@ Block such words from entering R
@D.CmpNone.TRUE@ Combines with the next tag to prohibit compounding
@U.CmpNone.FALSE@ Combines with the prev tag to prohibit compounding
@P.CmpOnly.TRUE@ Sets a flag to indicate that the word has passed R
@D.CmpOnly.FALSE@ Disallow words coming directly from root.

Use the following flag diacritics to control downcasing of derived proper nouns (e.g. Finnish Pariisi -> pariisilainen). See e.g. North Sámi for how to use these flags. There exists a ready-made regex that will do the actual down-casing given the proper use of these flags.

@U.Cap.Obl@ Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.
@U.Cap.Opt@ Allowing downcasing of derived names: deatnulasj.

Flags used to identify parts of speech

FLAGS USED WITH NUMERALS

cardinal vs ordinal

  • @U.NUM-TYPE.CARD@
  • @U.NUM-TYPE.ORD@

number

  • @U.DECL-NX.SG@
  • @U.DECL-NX.SP@
  • @U.DECL-NX.PL@
  • @R.DECL-NX.SG@
  • @R.DECL-NX.SP@
  • @R.DECL-NX.PL@

case

Removal

  • @C.DECL-NX@
  • @C.DECL-CX@
  • @C.NUM-TYPE@

Lexicon Root

  • adjectives ;
  • adpositions ;
  • adverbs ;
  • conjunctors ;
  • determiners ;
  • interjections ;
  • nouns ;
  • pronouns ;
  • propernouns ;
  • propernouns-toponyms ;
  • quantifiers ;
  • verbs ;
  • rus-Cyrl-2-Lat-ProperNouns ; Derived from urj-Cyrl
  • Exceptions ;

NEWWORDS FILES A_NEWWORDS ; adjectives ADV_NEWWORDS ; adverbs N_NEWWORDS ; nouns PROP_NEWWORDS ; proper nouns V_NEWWORDS ; verbs

I INCLUDE SOME SMALL LEXICA HERE WAITING FOR OWN FILES, OR PERHAPS THEY COULD STAY HERE

Livvi adjective inflection

Temporary lexica

  • LEXICON Q_X
  • LEXICON A_

Somewhat open issues

  • LEXICON A_TULLUT IS THIS LIVVI? tullut: tullu
  • LEXICON A_EX needs to be changed to @exclude=fst

LEXICON A_BAHUV

LEXICON A_UNDECL undeclinable fin: taipumaton

LEXICON A_IS-N-PL-GEN genitive plural attributes

LEXICON A_IS-N-SG-GEN genitive plural attributes

LEXICON A-DEM_NÄMÄ nämä: nämä

ONE-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS ENDING IN LONG VOWEL SEGMENT

LEXICON A_KUU kuu: kuu

LEXICON A_MUA mua: maa

LEXICON A_PIÄ piä: piä

Ordinary inflection

TWO-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS

LEXICON A_HYVÄ hyvä: hyvä the comparatives and superlatives are supletive

LEXICON A_OZA oza: oza

LEXICON A_SÄYNÄ säynä: säynä

LEXICON A_KALA kala: kala

LEXICON A_KOIVU koivu: koivu

LEXICON A_HERY hery: hery

LEXICON A_LUGU lugu: lugu

LEXICON A_IDY idy: idy

LEXICON A_HÄKKI häkki: häkki

LEXICON A_ARTELI

LEXICON A_ALUS alus: aluks

LEXICON A_KUURNIS kuurnis: kuurne

LEXICON A_PUHTAHUS puhtahus: puhtahu

LEXICON A_OLUT olut: olu

TWO-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEM WITH UNIQUE +Nom+Sg VOWEL

LEXICON A_PÄIVY päivy: päivä

LEXICON A_MUARJU muarju: muarja

LEXICON A_AKKU akku: akka

LEXICON A_VALGEI valgei: valge

LEXICON A_RAHMANNOI rahmannoi: rahmannoi

LEXICON A_PAGIZII pagizii: pagizi

LEXICON A_KESTÄY kestäy: kestä

TWO-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS WITH CONSONANT-FINAL PARTITIVE STEM

THREE-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS

LEXICON A_PAREMBI parembi: paremb

LEXICON A_JIÄTÖI jiätöi: jiät LEXICON A_HUOLETOI huoletoi: huolet LEXICON A_HUOLETOI/JIÄTÖI huoletoi: huolet

LEXICON A_KARJALAINE karjalaine: karjala

LEXICON A_LIYGILÄINE liygiläine: liygilä

LEXICON A_NAINE naine: nai LEXICON A_KIELINE kieline: kieli LEXICON A_NAINE/KIELINE_01 kieline: kieli naine: nai

LEXICON A_TOINE toine: to LEXICON A_TOINE-PL toine: to

THREE-SYLLABLE STEMS WITH TWO-SYLLABLE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR

LEXICON A_MADAL madal: madal

LEXICON A_PIIRAI piirai: piira

LEXICON A_RAIŠ raiš: ra

LEXICON A_PEREH pereh: pereh

LEXICON A_TULLUH tulluh: tullu

LEXICON A_PESSYH pessyh: pessy

LEXICON A_ARMAS armas: arma

LEXICON A_VARVAS varvas: varva

LEXICON A_TUORES tuores: tuore

LEXICON A_SUARI suari: suar

LEXICON A_KIELI kieli: kiel LEXICON A_SUARI/KIELI_01 suari: suar

LEXICON A_VUOZI vuozi: vuod

LEXICON A_VEZI vezi: ved

LEXICON A_NIMI nimi: nim

LEXICON A_JÄLGI jälgi: jälg front vowel gradation Yes

TWO-SYLLABLE WORD WITH CONSONANT-FINAL STEM

LEXICON A_VAŽEN važen: važe

LEXICON A_LÄMMIN lämmin: lämbi

LEXICON A_TAIGIN taigin: taigin

LEXICON A_SALBOIN salboin: salboi

LEXICON A_ENIN enin: eni

These cases are symmetrically marked for number The next two share the same stem vowel

Noun inflection

Livvi nouns inflect in cases. Vowel harmony involves front and back Gradation does not affect all consonants, therefore there are three values: Yes, No and NA (not applicable)

The file proper

ONE-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS ENDING IN LONG VOWEL SEGMENT

LEXICON N_SUO suo: suo Gradation: No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_VYÖ vyö: vyö Gradation: No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_KUU kuu: kuu Gradation: No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PII pii: pii Gradation: No Harmony: front

LEXICON N_MUA mua: mua Gradation: No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PIÄ piä: piä Gradation: No Harmony: Front

TWO-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS

LEXICON N_PAPPI pappi: pappi Gradation: Yes Harmony: Back stem final i is retained

LEXICON N_HÄKKI häkki: häkki Gradation: Yes Harmony: Front stem final i is retained

LEXICON N_LEIRI leiri: leiri Gradation NA Harmony: Front stem final i is retained

LEXICON N_PADA pada: pada Gradation Yes Harmony: Back stem final a changes to u in Sg Par stem final a changes to o before i in Pl stem

LEXICON N_KALA kala: kala Gradation NA Harmony: Back stem final a changes to u in Sg Par stem final a changes to o before i in Pl stem

LEXICON N_OZA oza: oza Gradation NA Harmony: Back stem final a changes to u in Sg Par stem final a changes to 0 before i in Pl stem

LEXICON N_SÄYNÄ säynä: säynä Gradation NA Harmony: Front stem final ä changes to i in Sg Par stem final ä changes to 0 before i in Pl stem

LEXICON N_KOIVU koivu: koivu Gradation NA Harmony: Back There are no changes in stem-final u Plural stem in loi

LEXICON N_HERY hery: hery Gradation NA Harmony: Front There are no changes in stem-final y Plural stem in löi

LEXICON N_IDY idy: idy Gradation Yes Harmony: Front There are no changes in stem-final y Plural stem in löi

LEXICON N_LUGU lugu: lugu Gradation Yes Harmony: Back There are no changes in stem-final u Plural stem in loi

LEXICON N_RUNO runo: runo Gradation NA Harmony: Back Stem-fianl o changes to u in Sg Par Plural stem in loi

LEXICON N_HÖRÖ hörö: hörö Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_RUADO ruado: ruado Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KYNDÖ kyndö: kyndö Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

TWO-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEM WITH UNIQUE +Nom+Sg VOWEL

LEXICON N_JÄLGI jälgi: jälg Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_JOGI jogi: jog Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_MUAMO muamo: muama Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_TUATTO tuatto: tuatta Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_DIÄDÖ diädö: diädä Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_MUARJU muarju: muarja Gradation No Harmony: Back two forms for accusative two forms for elative, ablative phrases

Noun 'berry / marja' - full paradigm:Noun - muarju examples:

  • muarju: muarju+N+Sg+Nom
  • muarjan: muarju+N+Sg+Gen
  • muarjua: muarju+N+Sg+Par
  • muarjakse: muarju+N+Sg+Tra
  • muarjata: muarju+N+Sg+Abe
  • muarjanke: muarju+N+Sg+Com
  • muarjas: muarju+N+Sg+Ine
  • muarjaspäi: muarju+N+Sg+Ela
  • muarjah: muarju+N+Sg+Ill
  • muarjal: muarju+N+Sg+Ade
  • muarjalpäi: muarju+N+Sg+Abl
  • muarjale: muarju+N+Sg+All
  • muarjannu: muarju+N+Sg+Ess
  • muarjassah: muarju+N+Sg+Ter
  • muarjalluo: muarju+N+Sg+Apr
  • muarjat: muarju+N+Pl+Nom
  • muarjoin: muarju+N+Pl+Gen
  • muarjoi: muarju+N+Pl+Par
  • muarjoikse: muarju+N+Pl+Tra
  • muarjoita: muarju+N+Pl+Abe
  • muarjoinke: muarju+N+Pl+Com
  • muarjois: muarju+N+Pl+Ine
  • muarjoispäi: muarju+N+Pl+Ela
  • muarjoih: muarju+N+Pl+Ill
  • muarjoil: muarju+N+Pl+Ade
  • muarjoilpäi: muarju+N+Pl+Abl
  • muarjoile: muarju+N+Pl+All
  • muarjoinnu: muarju+N+Pl+Ess
  • muarjoin: muarju+N+Pl+Ins
  • muarjoilluo: muarju+N+Pl+Apr

LEXICON N_PIÄSTÄNDY piäständy: piäständä Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_SUAJU suaju: suaja Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_AKKU akku: akka Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KNIIGU kniigu: kniiga Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SULGU sulgu: sulga Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KOIRU koiru: koira Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_NIMI nimi: nim Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_HANGI hangi: hang Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PÄIVY päivy: päivä Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_MEČČY meččy: meččä Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_IŽÄNDY ižändy: ižändä Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_LATE late: latte Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SIVE sive: side Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_HARDIE hardie: hardie Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KONDII kondii: kondi Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_STIPENDII stipendii: stipendi Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_REBOI reboi: reboi Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_JÄNÖI jänöi: jänöi Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PÖČÖI pöčöi: pöččö Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_VALGEI valgei: valge Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_LIBEI libei: libe Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_OSTAI ostai: osta Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PEZII pezii: pezi Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_KESTÄY kestäy: kestä Gradation NA Harmony: Front

TWO-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS WITH CONSONANT-FINAL PARTITIVE STEM

LEXICON N_UKSI uksi: uks Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SUARI suari: suar Harmony: Back LEXICON N_SUARI-PL suari: suar Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SUARI/KIELI_01 kieli: kiel Gradation No

LEXICON N_KIELI kieli: kiel Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_KIELI-SG kieli: kiel LEXICON N_KIELI-PL kieli: kiel Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_LAPSI lapsi: laps lapsi: laps Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_VEZI vezi: ved Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_SUZI suzi: su Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_VUOZI vuozi: vuod Gradation NA Harmony: Back

THREE-SYLLABLE VOWEL-FINAL STEMS

LEXICON N_SYGYZY sygyzy: sygyzy Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_VASKIČČU vaskičču: vaskičča Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

THREE-SYLLABLE STEMS WITH TWO-SYLLABLE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR

LEXICON N_KARJAL karjal: karjal Gradation NA Harmony: Back LEXICON N_KARJAL-SG karjal: karjal LEXICON N_KARJAL-PL karjal: karjal

LEXICON N_MADAL madal: madal Gradation No Harmony: Back LEXICON N_MADAL-SG madal: madal LEXICON N_MADAL-PL madal: madal

LEXICON N_PIIRAI piirai: piira CHECK THIS Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_VERÄI veräi: verä CHECK THIS Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KANDAI kandai: kanda Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_AVUAJU Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KERIÄJY piästäjy: piästä Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_PAGIZII pagizii: pagizi Gradation NA Harmony: Back LEXICON N_PAGIZII-SG LEXICON N_PAGIZII-PL

LEXICON N_HUOLETOI huoletoi: huolet Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SAMMAL sammal: sammal Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_ŠOUFER šoufer: šoufer Vowel Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_VANUIN vanuin: vanui Gradation Yes Harmony: Back Stem consonant n/m Singular stem vowel 0/0/e Plural stem vowel i

LEXICON N_SAMMUTIN sammutin: sammutti Gradation Yes Harmony: Back Stem consonant n/m Singular stem vowel 0/0/e Plural stem vowel i

LEXICON N_KEITIN keitin: keitti Gradation Yes Harmony: Front Stem consonant n/m Singular stem vowel 0/0/e Plural stem vowel i

LEXICON N_LÄMMIN lämmin: lämbi Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_TAIGIN taigin: taigin Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KARJALAINE karjalaine: karjala Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_LIYGILÄINE liygiläine: liygilä Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_NAINE naine: nai Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KIELINE kieline: kieli Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_TOINE toine: to Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_RAIŠ raiš: ra Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_TOVESTEH tovesteh: tovesteh Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PEREH pereh: pereh Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_HUIKEH huikeh: huikkeh Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_LIIKEH liikeh: liikkeh Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_PENGER penger: penger Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_ARTELI arteli: arteli Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PUHTAHUS puhtahus: puhtahu Harmony: Back Gradation NA

LEXICON N_VÄHYS vähys: vähy Harmony: Back Gradation NA

LEXICON N_ALUS alus: aluks Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_ALUS-SG alus: aluks

LEXICON N_ALUS-PL alus: aluks

LEXICON N_ILVES ilves: ilveks Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_ILVES-SG ilves: ilveks

LEXICON N_ILVES-PL ilves: ilveks

LEXICON N_MIES mies: mie Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_MIES-SG mies: mie

LEXICON N_MIES-PL mies: mie

LEXICON N_KUURNIS kuurnis: kuurne Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SUALIŠ suališ: suali Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SUALIŠ-SG suališ: suali

LEXICON N_SUALIŠ-PL suališ: suali

LEXICON N_OLUT olut: olu Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_KEVÄT kevät: kevä Gradation No Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_TUHAT tuhat: tuha Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_ARMAS armas: arma Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_VARVAS varvas: varba Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PAREMBI parembi: paremb Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PESSYH pessyh: pessy Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_BEMMEL bemmel: bembel Gradation Yes Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_SUURIM suurim: suurim Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_TUATINDAM tuatindam: tuatindam Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_TUATANDIM tuatandim: tuatandim Gradation NA Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_SIEMEN siemen: siemen Gradation NA Harmony: Front

LEXICON N_SALBOIN salboin: salboi Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_UDAR udar: udar Gradation No Harmony: Back

LEXICON N_PIENAR pienar: piendar Gradation Yes Harmony: Back

NOMINAL DECLENSION BEGINS

Back vowel gradation Yes

LEXICON NMN_MUARJU/PIÄSTÄNDY muarju: muarja gradation NA

LEXICON NMN_AKKU akku: akka gradation Yes

LEXICON NMN_KNIIGU kniigu: kniiga gradation No

NMN = Nominals mutually shared case marking for nouns, adjectives, proper ouns, numerals

Front Vowel Gradation Yes

LEXICON NMN_YKSI yksi: y

LEXICON NMN_VUOZI/VEZI vuozi: vuod

LEXICON NMN_PAREMBI/ENÄMBI parembi: paremb

Adjective comparative examples:

  • tuorehembi: tuores+A+Comp+Sg+Nom
  • *tuorehembembannu: tuores+A+Comp+Comp+Sg+Ess (is not standard language)

LEXICON NMN_KUDAI kudai: kuda

LEXICON NMN_PIIRAI/VERÄI piirai: piira

LEXICON NMN_PAGIZII-SG

LEXICON NMN_PAGIZII-PL

LEXICON NMN_HUOLETOI/JIÄTÖI huoletoi: huolet

Gradation Yes Vowel Harmony Back

LEXICON NMN_KOIRU/PÄIVY koiru: koira Gradation NA Vowel Harmony Back

LEXICON NMN_AVUAJU/KERIÄJY päivy: päivä Gradation NA

gradation Yes

LEXICON NMN_KOIVU/HERY koivu: koivu Gradation NA Vowel Harmony Back

LEXICON NMN_LUGU/IDY lugu: lugu Gradation Yes Vowel Harmony Back

  • LEXICON NMN_VALGEI/LIBEI valgei: valge

LEXICON NMN_RAHMANNOI rahmannoi: rahmannoi

LEXICON NMN_HARDIE hardie: hardie

LEXICON NMN_KONDII/STIPENDII kondii: kondi

LEXICON NMN_OSTAI ostua: osta%>j

Stem Vowel 0: a: 0 kandai, kandajan, kandajua, kandajinnu

LEXICON NMN_PEZII pestä: pezi%>j

LEXICON NMN_KESTÄY kestäy: kestä

LEXICON NMN_RUNO/HÖRÖ runo: runo Gradation No

Gradation No

LEXICON NMN_RUADO/KYNDÖ ruado: ruado Gradation Yes

LEXICON NMN_KUU/PII kuu: kuu

LEXICON NMN_PIÄ piä: piä

LEXICON NMN_VYÖ vyö: vyö

LEXICON NMN_MUA mua: mua

LEXICON NMN_KALA kala: kala Gradation NA

LEXICON NMN_PADA pada: pada Yaml: pada Gradation Yes

LEXICON NMN_TULLUH/PESSYH pessyh

Nominative singular in "h"

  • : zi PL-GEN/COM/APRSUF_EN ; the +Pl+Com comes here

LEXICON NMN_TULLUH tulluh: tullu

Nominative singular in "h"

  • : zi PL-GEN/COM/APRSUF_EN ; the +Pl+Com comes here

LEXICON NMN_KARJAL karjal: karjal

LEXICON NMN_KARJAL-SG karjal: karjal LEXICON NMN_KARJAL-PL karjal: karjal

LEXICON NMN_MADAL madal: madal

LEXICON NMN_MADAL-SG madal: madal LEXICON NMN_MADAL-PL madal: madal

Nominative singular in "m"

Nominative singular in "n"

LEXICON NMN_ENIN enin: eni

Nominative singular in "r"

Nominative singular in "s"

LEXICON NMN_PUHTAHUS/VÄHYS puhtahus: puhtahu

LEXICON NMN_ALUS/ILVES alus: aluks

LEXICON NMN_ARMAS/EVAES armas: arma

LEXICON NMN_VARVAS varvas: varba

LEXICON NMN_VIDEL videl: videl Gradation No

LEXICON NMN_TUORES tuores: tuore

LEXICON NMN_RAIŠ raiš: ra

LEXICON NMN_KUURNIS kuurnis: kuurne

  • LEXICON NMN_OLUT olut: olu

Gradation None

  • LEXICON NMN_TULLUT tullut: tullu

LEXICON NMN_TOVESTEH/PEREH pereh: pereh

LEXICON NMN_ARTELI/LEIRI arteli: arteli

LEXICON NMN_PAPPI/HÄKKI pappi: pappi

LEXICON NMN_REBOI/JÄNÖI reboi: reboi

LEXICON NMN_OZA/SÄYNÄ oza: oza

LEXICON NMN_TVER tver: tver Gradation NA Front Vowel Singular stem vowel 0/i Plural stem vowel il%{oö%}i

Gradation NA Back Vowel Singular stem vowel 0/i Plural stem vowel il%{oö%}i

LEXICON NMN_VAŽEN važen: važe

LEXICON NMN_LÄMMIN lämmin: lämbi

LEXICON NMN_TAIGIN taigin: taigin

Nominative singular in "v"

  • LEXICON NMN_ABRAMOV Abramov: Abramov

Singular suffixes

luadi^WGStem^E1%>tt%{uy%}%>%{uy%} examples:

luaji000ttu%>u examples:

Plural suffixes

SINGULAR POSSESSA

LEXICON SGNOM/PXSP3 adding -h

Verb inflection

Temporary lexica

  • LEXICON V_ is for ad-hoc incoming verbs, not in xml

Auxiliary verbs

  • LEXICON V-NEG ei: e
  • LEXICON V-PROH älä: äl
  • LEXICON V_OLLA olla: o
  • LEXICON V_OLLA_01 olla: o

Regular verbs

Verbs of the Finnish type 1

V1a

  • LEXICON V_ALENDUA alendua: alenda Harmony: Back
  • LEXICON V_ELLENDIÄ ellendiä: ellendä Harmony: Front
  • LEXICON V_ALENDUA/ELLENDIÄ_01 ellendiä: ellendä alendua: alenda Gradation No
  • LEXICON V_KANDUA kandua: kanda Back Vowel
  • LEXICON V_KANDUA_01 kandua: kanda Gradation Yes
  • LEXICON V_OTTUA ottua: otta Back Vowel
  • LEXICON V_OTTUA/HEITTIÄ_01 ottua: otta Gradation Yes
  • LEXICON V_OTTUA-SG3 ottua: otta
  • LEXICON V_OTTUA-3 ottua: otta
  • LEXICON V_HEITTIÄ heittä: heittä Front vowel
  • LEXICON V_HEITTIÄ-SG3 heittä: heittä
  • LEXICON V_HEITTIÄ-3 heittä: tiedä

V1o

  • LEXICON V_PUNUO punuo: puno Back vowel
  • LEXICON V_PUNUO/XX_01 punuo: puno Gradation No
  • LEXICON V_PUNUO-SG3 punuo: puno

V1u

  • LEXICON V_VALUO valuo: valu Back vowel
  • LEXICON V_VALUO/PYZYÖ_01 valuo: valu Gradation No similar_to: V_PYZYÖ
  • LEXICON V_VALUO-SG3 valuo: valu
  • LEXICON V_PYZYÖ pyzyö: pyzy Front vowel
  • LEXICON V_PYZYÖ-SG3 pyzyö: pyzy
  • LEXICON V_PYZYÖ-3 pyzyö: pyzy

V1i

  • LEXICON V_POTKIE potkie: potki Back vowel
  • LEXICON V_POTKIE/EČČIE_01 potkie: potki Gradation No Ind+Prt+Sg3
  • LEXICON V_POTKIE-SG3 potkie: potki
  • LEXICON V_EČČIE eččie: ečči Front vowel
  • LEXICON V_LUGIE lugie: luge Back vowel
  • LEXICON V_LUGIE/IMIE_01 lugie: luge Gradation Yes
  • :%>e INDPRTPL3_ttih ;
  • :%>e INDPRSPL3_tAh ;
  • LEXICON V_TUNDIE tundie: tunde
  • LEXICON V_TUNDIE_01 tundie: tunde Gradation Yes Back vowel
  • :%>e INDPRTPL3_ttih ;
  • :%>e INDPRSPL3_tAh ;
  • LEXICON V_IMIE imie: ime Gradation No Front vowel
  • LEXICON V_IMIE-SG3_01 imie: ime
  • LEXICON V_PIDIÄ pidiä: pidä Gradation Yes Front vowel
  • LEXICON V_PIDIÄ_01 pidiä: pidä
  • LEXICON V_PIDIÄ-SG3 pidiä: pidä
  • LEXICON V_PIDIÄ-SG3_01 pidiä: pidä

VERBS OF FINNISH TYPE 2 in dA

  • LEXICON V_VOIJA voija: voi
  • LEXICON V_VOIJA_01 voija: voi
  • +Inf:%>ja K ; type 2 also suaha
  • LEXICON V_ROIJA roija: roi
  • LEXICON V_ROIJA_01 roija: roi
  • +Inf:%>ja K ; type 2 also suaha
  • LEXICON V_SUAJA suaja: saa
  • LEXICON V_SUAJA_01 suaja: saa
  • +Inf:%>ja K ; type 2 also suaha
  • +Inf:%>ha K ; type 2 also suaha
  • LEXICON V_JUVVA juvva: jo
  • LEXICON V_JUVVA_01 juvva: jo
  • LEXICON V_JIÄJÄ suaja: saa jiäjä: jää
  • LEXICON V_JIÄJÄ_01 suaja: saa jiäjä: jää
  • +Inf:%>jä K ; type 2 also jiähä
  • +Inf:%>hä K ; type 2 also jiähä
  • LEXICON V_MYVVÄ myvvä: mö
  • LEXICON V_MYVVÄ_01 myvvä: mö
  • LEXICON V_VIIJÄ viijä: ve
  • LEXICON V_NÄHTÄ nähtä: nä
  • LEXICON V_NÄHTÄ_01 nähtä: nä
  • LEXICON V_KÄVVÄ kävvä: käv

Verbs of the Finnish type 3

  • LEXICON V_TULLA tulla: tul
  • LEXICON V_ULISTA ulista: ulis
  • LEXICON V_JUOSTA_BACK juosta: juoks
  • LEXICON V_JUOSTA_01 juosta: juoks
  • LEXICON V_PAISTA paista: pagis
  • LEXICON V_PAISTA_01 paista: pagis
  • LEXICON V_PESTÄ pestä: pes
  • LEXICON V_NOSTA nosta: no
  • LEXICON V_NOSTA/XX_01 nosta: no

Verbs of the Finnish type 3 but not identical

  • LEXICON V_KUULTA kuulta: kuul
  • LEXICON V_KUULTA-SG3 kuulta: kuul
  • LEXICON V_VIERTÄ viertä: vier

Verbs of the Finnish type 3 but not identical gradation: yes

  • LEXICON V_KUVITELLA kuvitella: kuvittel
  • LEXICON V_TYPÄTÄ typätä: typpä
  • LEXICON V_KÄITÄ käitä: käge
  • LEXICON V_SUVATA suvata: suva

Verbs of the Finnish type 4

  • LEXICON V_AVATA avata: ava

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_ARVOTA arvota: arvo

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_KABLITA kablita: kabli

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_BAUHUTA bauhuta: bauhu
  • LEXICON V_BAUHUTA-SG3 bauhuta: bauhu
  • LEXICON V_LANGETA langeta: lange

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_ALLATA allata: alga

gradation: yes

  • LEXICON V_KIKOTA kikota: kikko

gradation: yes

  • LEXICON V_RUVETA ruveta: rube
  • LEXICON V_RUVETA-SG3 ruveta: rube
  • LEXICON V_HYRRÄTÄ hyrrätä: hyrrä

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_HÄVITÄ hävitä: hävi

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_HÖYRYTÄ höyrytä: höyry

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_HÖPSÖTÄ höpsötä: höpsö

gradation: no

  • LEXICON V_BÖVVÄTÄ bövvätä: böygä

gradation: yes

  • LEXICON V_REVITÄ revitä: rebi

gradation: yes

  • LEXICON V_PÄITÄ päitä: päde

gradation: yes

Verbs of the Finnish type 5

  • LEXICON V_SUVAIJA suvaija: suvai
  • LEXICON V_SUVAIJA-SG3 suvaija: suvai
  • LEXICON V_SUVAIJA-3 suvaija: suvai
  • LEXICON V_EMÄNDÖIJÄ emändöijä: emändöi
  • LEXICON V_MERKITÄ merkitä: merki
  • LEXICON V_MAINITA mainita: maini
  • LEXICON V_ALETA aleta: ale (alenov)
  • LEXICON V_VÄHETÄ vähetä: vähe (vähenöy)
  • LEXICON V_VÄHETÄ-SG3 vähetä: vähe (vähenöy)
  • LEXICON V_SUATA suata: suva (suvaiččov)
  • LEXICON V_SUATA_01 suata: suva (suvaiččov)
  • LEXICON VR_AMBUO ambuokseh: ambu
  • LEXICON VR_AMBUO_01 ambuokseh: ambu
  • LEXICON VR_VALUO valuokseh: valu
  • LEXICON VR_VALUO/PYZYÖ valuokseh: valu
  • LEXICON VR_PYZYÖ valuokseh: valu
  • LEXICON VR_PUNUO punuokseh: puno
  • LEXICON VR_PUNUO/XX_01 punuokseh: puno
  • LEXICON VR_IMIE imiekseh: ime
  • LEXICON VR_POTKIE/EČČIE_01 imiekseh: ime
  • LEXICON VR_POTKIE potkiekseh: potki
  • LEXICON VR_PIDIÄ pidiäkseh: pidä
  • LEXICON VR_PIDIÄ_01 pidiäkseh: pidä
  • LEXICON VR_KANDUA kanduakseh: kanda
  • LEXICON VR_KANDUA_01 kanduakseh: kanda
  • LEXICON VR_KANDUA-SG3 kanduakseh: kanda
  • LEXICON VR_KANDUA-SG3_01 kanduakseh: kanda
  • LEXICON VR_OTTUA ottuakseh: otta
  • LEXICON VR_OTTUA/HEITTIÄ_01 ottuakseh: otta
  • LEXICON VR_EISTIÄ eistiäkseh: eistä

Reflexive verbs

  • LEXICON VR_RODIEKSEH rodiekseh: rodi
  • LEXICON VR_ROIJA roijakseh: roi
  • LEXICON VR_ROITA roita: roi
  • LEXICON VR_JUVVA juvva: jo
  • LEXICON VR_MYVVÄ myvvä: mö
  • LEXICON VR_NÄHTÄ nähtä: nä
  • LEXICON VR_TULLA tuliekseh: tul !this will need work 2013-10-23
  • LEXICON VR_PESTÄ tuliekseh: tul !this will need work 2013-10-23
  • LEXICON VR_KUVITELLA kuvitellakseh: kuvittel !this will need work 2016-08-17
  • LEXICON VR_AVATA avatakseh: ava (typätäkseh: typpä)
  • LEXICON VR_SUVAIJA suvaijakseh: suvai
  • LEXICON VR_EMÄNDÖIJÄ emändöijäkseh: emändöi
  • LEXICON VR_MAINITA mainitakseh: maini

V1 This verb type has two final vowels in the first infinitive

LEXICON V-3SYLL_KIRJUTTUA kirjuttua: kirjutta

  • LEXICON V-VV_03_Harm-Neutr tulla: tul
  • LEXICON V-VV_KUULLA kuulla: kuul
  • LEXICON V-VV_VIERRÄ vierrä: vier
  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA kuvitella: kuvittel
  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA suvaija: suvai
  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA emändöijä: emändöi
  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA mainita: maini
  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA merkitä: merki

REFLEXIVE CONJUGATION

HOW WILL THESE WORK

HOW WILL THESE WORK

HOW WILL THESE WORK

Nonfinites

Forthcoming

Finites

INDICATIVE PRESENT

  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA type 04

INDICATIVE PRESENT REFLEXIVE

  • LEXICON V-VV_KUVITELLA

INDICATIVE PRETERITE

INDICATIVE PRETERITE REFLEXIVE

Conditional

CONDITIONAL PRETERITE

  • +Pot+Pl3+Rc:%>d%{aä%}%>nehes K ; Shouldn't THIS be the right form

IMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVE REFLEXIVE

... and next chapter

The Livvi (Olonets) Karelian morphophonological/twolc rules file

%{aoeInf%}:a Back vowel infinitive marker %{äöeInf%}:ä Front vowel infinitive marker

  • %{aäoeöuiy%}:ä with partitive type koivuu
  • %{aäoeö%}:ä newer This is for diphthongs such as the infinitive marker after i and u stems ampuo
  • %{aäuyiØ%}:ä in participle endings anticipating PÄIVY or KOIRU type

%{ui%}:i in imperative before %{aä%}:

%{oöØ%}:0 Used in present participle

%{ijPRC%}:j participle

  • %{lnrs%}:n e.g. in perfect participles
  • %{dtlnr%}:d e.g. infinitive and Ind+Prs+Pl3

%^DEVOICE: 0 %^VOICE: 0 pestä : pezen

%^Pen: 0 pagisou paistah in combination with WGStem to trigger

%^D2Z: 0 ! The ti => zi

%^E2O: 0 the e => o, e => ö

%^Ä2I: 0 ä => i %^A2UÄ2I: 0 a => u, ä => i

%^ILoss: 0 the i => 0 reboi reboloi %^V2U: 0 v => y kävvä käydy

_%^RVow: 0 _ _%^RmVow: 0 _ vowel removal, e.g. with superlative

Triggers dictating right context phenomena

  • _%{back%}:0 _ back harmony until harmony boundary, i.e. word boundary
  • _%{front%}:0 _ front harmony until harmony boundary, i.e. word boundary

Right context for gradation

Rules

%{aä%}:a

%{aä%}:ä

%{aäoeö%}:a

%{aäoeö%}:ä

%{aäoeö%}:o

%{aäoeö%}:e

%{aäoeö%}:ö

{aäoeöuiy%}:a

{aäoeöuiy%}:ä

{aäoeöuiy%}:o

{aäoeöuiy%}:e

{aäoeöuiy%}:ö

{aäoeöuiy%}:u

{aäoeöuiy%}:i

{aäoeöuiy%}:y

e:0

%{ui%}:u 

* %{front%}:0  ! imperative forms
* __kanda%{back%}%>kk%{ui%}%{aä%}mm%{oö%} __
* __kanda0%>kkuammo __

%{ui%}:i 

* %{front%}:0  ! imperative forms
* __lʼykkä%{front%}%^WGStem%>kk%{ui%}%{aä%}mm%{oö%} __
* __lʼyk0ä00%>kkiämmö __

A2:a

A2:u

A2:y

%{aäuyiØ%}:a

%{aäuyiØ%}:u

%{aäuyiØ%}:ä

%{aäuyiØ%}:y

%{aäuyiØ%}:i

%{aäuyiØ%}:0

a:u before subsequent a Diphthong a+a => ua ostua+V+Inf: buy/ostaa

osta%>%{aä%} examples:

ostu%>%{aä%} examples:

ä:i before subsequent A2 Diphthong ä+ä => iä kehittiä+V+Inf: develop/kehittää

kehittä%>%{aä%} examples:

kehitti%>ä examples:

o:u before subsequent o Diphthong o+o => uo erota: eruou

ero%>%{oö%}%>n examples:

eru0o%>n examples:

runo%>%{oö%} examples:

runu%>o examples:

jo%>vv%{aä%} examples:

ju%>vva examples:

ö:y before subsequent ö Diphthong ö+ö, ö+%{oö%}:ö => yö

sö%>ö%>y examples:

sy%>ö%>y examples:

pöllö%>ö examples:

pölly%>ö examples:

sö%>vvä examples:

sy%>vvä examples:

e:i before subsequent :e Diphthong o+o => uo erota: eruou 


__valge%>e%^WGStem%>t examples:__

__valgi%>e00t examples:__

__hävi%>%{aäPar%}%>n examples:__

__hävi%>e0n examples:__

__tiedo%^WGStem%>n examples:__

__tiijo0%>n examples:__

* __väge%{front%}%^WGStem>n __
* __vä0i00%>n __

__luge>%{ijPRC%} examples:__

__lugi%>j examples:__

e:o Vowel harmony suffixes Back 


__luge%^E2O%>u examples:__

__lugo%>u examples:__

e:ö Vowel harmony

käske%^E2O%>y examples:

käskö0%>y examples:

ä:y word final

ä:ö word final

a:0 in suaja:sai 

 *  a _ (%{back%}:)  %^RmVow:  ;  Vowel shortening before subsequent "i"

__koira%^RmVow%>i%>en examples:__

__koir00%>i%>en examples:__

__koira0%>j%>en examples:__

__vahna%^RmVow%>in examples:__

__vahn00%>in examples:__
* __otta%{back%}%^WGStem%^RmVow%>in __
* __ot00000%>in __

iToj between vowels

i:j

%{ijPRC%}:i 

*  a _ (%{back%}:)  %^RmVow:  ;  +ActPrsPrc

a:o in the plural and preterite

  • muama%{back%}%^A2O
  • muamo00

a:e pidiä

kanda%^WGStem%^E1%>tt%{aäDiph%}s examples:

kanne00%>ttas examples:

kirjava%^E1%>m%^NONEb examples:

kirjave0%>m0b examples:

ä:e piettih and in comparatives pidiä

  • mečästä%{front%}%^E1%>tt%{aä%}s
  • mečäste00%>ttäs

ä:0 pidiä:pidi

i:0 reboi:reboloi

  • rodi%^RmVow%>i%>h
  • rod00%>i%>h

%{oö%}:oVowel harmony suffixes Back %{oö%}:öVowel harmony suffixes Front

%{oöØ%}:0Vowel harmony suffixes Back

%{oöØ%}:oVowel harmony suffixes Back

luge%>%{ijPRC%}%>%{oöØ%}%>i%>n examples:

lugi%>j%>o%>i%>s examples:

%{oöØ%}:öVowel harmony suffixes Front

%{uy%}:uVowel harmony suffixes Back

  • tul%>%{lnrs%}%{uy%}h
  • tul%>luh

%{uy%}:yVowel harmony suffixes Front

Consonant change

g:j 

* __poiga%^WGStem%>n __
* __poija0%>n __

g:v

  • joge%^WGStem%>n
  • jove0%>n

g:l

  • sulga%^WGStem%>n
  • sulla0%>n
  • jalga%^A2O%>i%^WGStem%>s
  • jallo0%>i0%>s sulgu+N+Pl+Ins feather/sulka
  • sulga%^RmVow%>i%^WGStem%>n
  • sull0%>i0%>n

g:r 


__särge%^WGStem%>n examples:__

__särre0%>n examples:__

__kergi%^WGStem%>t%{aäPar%} examples:__

__kerri0%>tä examples:__

d:v 

 d:v <=> [ ö y: | o u: ] _ [ ä: | a ] (HarmDummy:) %^WGStem:0 ; 
           u a           _   o       (%{back%}:) %^WGStem:0 ; 
           a             _   u       (%{back%}:) %^WGStem:0 ; 
         [ u o: | u: ]   _  [ (%{back%}:) e | a: ]  (%{back%}:) ((%^RmVow:) %> i )    %^WGStem:0 ;  
         [ ä y: ]   _  [(%{front%}:) e | y ]  (%{front%}:) ((%^RmVow:) %> i )    %^WGStem:0 ;  
* __täydy%{front%}%^WGStem __
* __tävvy00 __

v:y d:j

  • maido%^WGStem%>n
  • maijo0%>n
  • tiedo%^WGStem%>n
  • tiijo0%>n
  • tiedä%^WGStem%>n
  • tiijä0%>n

y:v

täydy%^WGStem examples:

tävvy0 examples: lʼöydiä: lʼövvä

u:v juodu+N+Pl+Ade

  • juoda%{back%}%^RmVow%>i%^WGStem%>l
  • juod000%>i0%>l soudua: sovva

o:v Lengthening with Ut:vv weakening

d:z

  • vuod%^D2Z%>i
  • vuoz0%>i
  • tunde%^RmVow%>i
  • tunz00%>i

d:t in partitive

pagis%>d%{aä%}%^WGStemh examples:

pa0is%>ta0h examples:

s:z 

 * s:z <=> _ (HarmDummy:) %^VOICE:0 ;  pestä: pezen

k:g pestä: peskäh

rd:rr weakening

ld:ll weakening

nd:nn weakening mennä+Ind+Prs+ScPl3: mennäh

kanda%^WGStem%^E1%>tt%{aä%}s examples:

kanne00%>ttas examples:

rn:rr in prtprc

ln:ll in prtprc

  • tul%>%{lnrs%}%{uy%}h
  • tul%>luh

sn:ss in prtprc

%{dtlnr%}:d

%{dtlnr%}:t

%{dtlnr%}:l tulla+Ind+Prs+ScPl3: tullah

  • tul%{back%}%>%{dtlnr%}%{aä%}
  • tul0%>la kuvitella+V+Inf
  • kuvittel%{back%}%^WGStem%>%{dtlnr%}%{aä%}
  • kuvi0tel00%>la

%{dtlnr%}:n

%{dtlnr%}:r

CONSONANT LOSS

čToZero 

* s:z <=> _ (HarmDummy:) %^VOICE:0 ;  suvaija:suvaičen

kToZero aika: ajan 

* __lʼykkä%{front%}%^WGStem%>t%{AÄ%} __
* __lʼy0kä00%>tä __
* __abuniekka%{back%}%^A2O%>i%>l __
* __abunie0ko00%>i%>l __
* __liikkeh%{front%}%^WGStem __
* __lii0keh00 __

gToZero aika: ajan

  • väge%{front%}%^WGStem>n
  • vä0i00%>n
  • pagis%{back%}%^Pen%^WGStem%>%{dtlnr%}%{aä%}h
  • pa0is000%>tah

tavoitteh%^WGStem examples:

tavoi0teh0 examples:

  • kuul%>t%{aä%}%^WGStem
  • kuul%>la0

b:v

b:v 

 b:m <=> m _ [ a | i ] (HarmDummy:) %^WGStem:0 ;

p:0 in lapsi

  • kuoppa%{back%}%^WGStem%^RmVow%>i%>l
  • kuo0p0000%>i%>l

Consonant loss

d:0 pidiä: piän

pidä%^WGStem%>n examples:

pi0ä0%>n examples:

s:0

bussa%^WGStem%>l examples:

bu0sa0%>l examples: