sms

Authors

Divvun and Giellatekno teams, community members

Software version

2012

Documentation license

GNU GFDL

SVN Revision

$Revision:68217 $

SVN Date

$Date:2013-01-16 11:31:33 +0200 (Wed, 16 Jan 2013) $

This is free and open source Skolt Sámi morphology.

_sijdd > siid_ This will need a special extra-lengthening rule

Skolt Saami noun morphology

LEXICON n is a dummy lexicon containing N Sg Nom only

LEXICON N-toll for Nouns with -âst Loc

LEXICON N-miarr with -âst Loc but ense Ill

LEXICON N-pess Nouns with -ast Loc

LEXICON N-piess Nouns with -est +Loc

• There are several stem types
• pieˊss: pieˊss

LEXICON VerbRoot

Copula and Negation verb

• leeˊd

• ij

â-stems

Normal consonant gradation

short vowel in Inf

• viǯǯâd: viǯǯ VIQQAD "to fetch / noutaa";
• kõččâd: kõčč VIQQAD "to fall / pudota" ;

Long vowel in Inf

• viikkâd: viikk VIQQAD "to take away / viedä" ;
• sõõkkâd: sõõkk VIQQAD "to sigh / huohottaa" ;

I a-stem TEEVVAD

• repččad: repčč TEEVVAD "/ roikkua" ;
• lâsmmad: lâsmm TEEVVAD "/ järistä" ;

I e-stem KALMMED

• ceˊpcced: cepcc KALMMED "/ nipistää" ;
• kâˊlmmed: kâlmm KALMMED "/ jäätyä" ;

I e-stem JURDDED

• juˊrdded: jurdd JURDDED "to think / luulla" ;
• puˊhtted: puhtt JURDDED "/ tuoda" ;

I e-stem TIETTED

• ââˊnned: âânn TIETTED "/ käyttää" ; is this a KALMMED

• sieˊltted: siõltt TIETTED "/ laimentaa" ;

I -âd +Imp+Sg2 SILTTEED

• siltteed: siltt SILTTEED "to know how / osata" ;
• poppeed: popp SILTTEED "to grab ahold of / tarttua" ;

I -ad +Imp+Sg2 SOLLEED

• solleed: soll SOLLEED "to set off rowing / lähteä soutamaan" ;
• kârreed: kârr SOLLEED "to swear / kirota" ;

I -ed +Imp+Sg2 TEEMEED

• ääˊveed: ääˊv TEEMEED "to open / avata" ;
• pââˊjeed: pââˊj TEEMEED "to lift, to raise / kohottaa" ;

-at +Imp+Sg2 MAINSTED

• mainsted: mainQÂ1st MAINSTED "to tell / kertoa, tarinoida" ;

-at +Imp+Sg2 VUEJTED

• vuejted: vuejQA1t VUEJTED "to drive (causative) / ajattaa" ;

-erd +Imp+Sg2 KAMRDED

-u +Imp+Sg2 SEDGGJED

• sedggjed: sedgg SEDGGJED "to loom / häämöttää" ;

This file still contains only a handful of words

The lexicon AdjectiveRoot is where we list the adjectives

A1

AdjClass1 suffixes STR-âd (pred) / STR_PAL-es (attr)

• viõlggâd: viõˊlǧǧ A1 "white" ;
• čappâd: čaˊpp A1 "black" ;

A2

AdjClass2 suffixes WK-âs (pred) / STR-Ø (attr)

• oođâs: ođđ A2 "new" ;
• kõõumâs: kõumm A2 "cold" ;

A3

AdjClass3 suffixes STR-Ø (pred) / WK-es (attr)

• kuˊǩǩ: kuˊǩ A3 "long" ;

No adpositions yet.

Only a handful so far.

The lexicon adv gives the tag +Adv

The lexicon Adverb contains adverbs. They are taken from http://www.uta.fi/~km56049/same/skolt/koltansaame.html

• ââlda adv "nearby" ;
• ââˊn adv "now" ;
• ålggan adv "outside" ;
• åålǥas adv "to outside" ;

The lexicon Conjunction lists the conjunction

The lexicon Cc gives the tag +CC

Pointing to all the pronominal subgroups

• LEXICON Pronoun

Personal pronouns

Splitting according to person.

• LEXICON Personal
• mon+Pron+Pers: m perspron ;
• ton+Pron+Pers: t perspron ;
• son+Pron+Pers: s perspron ;

Demonstrative pronouns

• LEXICON Demonstrative

• LEXICON SHORTDEM

• LEXICON LONGDEM

• LEXICON TOTDEM

• LEXICON TIET-AA

• LEXICON -AA

Reflexive pronouns

• LEXICON Reflexive

• LEXICON GA-I

• LEXICON GA-II

• LEXICON ILEPX

• LEXICON LOCPX

• LEXICON COMPX

• LEXICON ROBLSGPX

• LEXICON ROBLPLPX RPBLPLPX

• LEXICON RCOMPLPX

Interrogative pronouns

• LEXICON Interrogative
• mii+Pron+Interr: m MK ;
• ǩii+Pron+Interr: ǩ MK ;

• LEXICON MK

• LEXICON MK-long

• LEXICON MK-short

• LEXICON MK-low

List of particles in the lexicon Particle

ges pcle ;

The lexicon pcle gives the tag.

The lexicon Interjection lists the interjections

• ai Interj ;

The lexicon Interj gives the tag +Interj

The rule file for Skolt Saami is divided into 5 main types:

1. Definitions
2. Consonant shift rules (tbw)
3. Vowel alternation rules
4. Consonant gradaton rules
5. Rules for cleaning up and composing end result

Alphabets, sets and definitions

Alphabet

• a b c d e f g h i ï j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
• æ ä ø ö å á é í
• Å Ä Ö Ø Æ Á
• Á É Ó Ú Í À È Ò Ù Ì Ë Ü Ï Â Ê Ô Û Î Ã Ý þ Ñ Ð
• á é ó ú í à è ò ù ì ë ü ï â ê ô û î ã ý þ ñ ð ß ª ß ç
• č ǩ ǯ ǧ ž đ ǥ ʒ š ŋ
• Č Ǩ Ǯ Ǧ Ž Đ Ǥ Ʒ Š Ŋ
• õ â
• Õ Â

• Vertical hyphen: as long consonant marker that does not appear in writing
• Upper right single quotation mark: Syllable marker that appears in writing
• Acute accent

Trigger symbols

• %^1VOW: 0 %^2VOW: 0 %^3VOW: 0 %^4VOW: 0 %^5VOW: 0 Vow triggers

• %^VOWLower: 0 i>e, õ>â, â>ä, u>o, o>å
• %^VOWRaise: 0 e>i, ä>e
• %^VOWSH: 0
• %^VOWL: 0 Lengthens vowel in relation to consonant
• %^VOWXL: 0 Extra lengthens vowel in relation to consonant in nouns, for example
• %^CXLong: 0 %^CLong: 0 %^CShort: 0 Lengthening, shortening
• %^VOWFront: 0 Fronting
• %^PAL: 0 %^PALNo: 0 Palatalisation
• X3: 0 causes weak grade
• QÂ1: 0 used with "mainsted" to tell (a story)
• QA1: 0 used with "vuejted" to drive (causative)
• QE1: 0 used with "kåˊmrded" to bow
• %^IMPSG2: 0
• %^INDPRSSG3: 0
• %^FRICG: 0
• %^VOWTense: 0

Literal quotes and angles must be escaped (cf morpheme boundaries below):

• »
• «
• >
• <

Sets

• C = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž ;
• V = a e i o u å ä â õ ;

• CNoJV = b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z đ ʒ ǯ č ŋ ǩ ǧ ǥ š ž ;

Definitions

Rules

Consonant shift rules (tbw)

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel shortening - used in +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

Vowel alternation rules

VOWEL SHIFT

RAISING

deriving +Ind+Prt+Sg1, +Ind+Prt+Sg2 +Ind+Prt+Pl3 in teevvad: tivvu

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel raising - Adding +Prt+Pl3 for ed verbs, Removing u: and i: second element due to njeiddad njeiddu

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong raising beginning with u - deriving +Ind+Prt+Pl3 in kuâs'sad > kuõs'su, kuärŋŋad kuårŋŋu

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong raising beginning with e:i - deriving +Ind+Prt+Pl3 in reäkkad > riâkku, veârrad > viõrru

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong raising with e:i at onset - deriving +Ind+Prt+Pl3 in reäkkad > riâkku, veârrad > viõrru

LOWERING

Even syllabic verbs I, vowel lowering - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in viǯǯâd

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening after u - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in kuõskkâd kueˊsǩǩe

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening after i:e - deriving +Ind+Prs+Sg3, in čiõkkâd

Even syllabic verbs I, diphthong opening i:e before õ:, å: - used in conjunction with diphthong opening

SECONDARY FRONTING

Even syllabic verbs I, secondary vowel fronting with PAL u õ:e - deriving +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in VIQQAD: kuõskkâd >kueˊsǩǩe

Even syllabic verbs I, secondary vowel fronting with PAL - deriving +Ind+Prs+Pl3 in VIQQAD: čiõkkâd >čeäˊǩ'ǩe, also TIETTED vueˊlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prs+Pl3: vuäˊlǧǧe

RELATIVE VOWEL LENGTHENING

vowel lengthening and consonant shortening, %^VOWL and %^CShort

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd > uˊvdded

2012-06-05 removing "i" and "u" because viikkâd renders viiiǥǥam

Even syllabic nouns, relative vowel extra lengthening - deriving +V+Inf in TIETTED: uudd >uˊvdded

Even syllabic nouns, relative vowel extra lengthening u not followed by v - declension of nouns kunn > kuun

simultaneous lengthening and raising, hmm: xfst ordering might be easier

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening and raising - conjugation of ceˊpcced > ciiˊpcež

Even syllabic verbs I, relative vowel lengthening and lowering - simultaneous lengthening and lowering: juˊrdded > joordam juˊrdded+V+Ind+Prs+Sg1

Vowel lengthening in INDPRSSG3 and IMPSG2 - kååˊmmerd, maainâst

VOWEL DUMMY LOSS

Vowel dummy loss when not INDPRSSG3 and IMPSG2 - QE1

SEMI VOWELS

Even syllabic nouns, for j>i - sijdd > siid This will need a special extra-lengthening rule

Even syllabic verbs, for v>u - uvdd > ouˊdde

Even syllabic verbs, for v>u - luhtt s s: ...

trisyllabic verbs and doer derivations, i>j -

VOWELS TENSE vs LAX 2012-11-28

Even-syllabic nouns, for â:e - miârr: mieˊrre

VOWEL and ZERO ALTERNATION

Realization for QE1 in e - kåˊmrded, vuejat, maainâst

Realization for QE1 in a -

THE NON-ORTHOGRAPHIC SYLLABLE

Loss of _’_ when preceded by vowel - This is a temporary solution to "’" in võˊll’jed

PALATALIZATION

Even-syllabic verbs I, Palatalization mark between V and C - used +Ind+Prs+Pl3, +Ind+Prt+Pl3

The left context allows for: Vowel shortening, and j/v > V

Even-syllabic verbs I, Palatalization of gg and kk -

Even-syllabic nouns, removing palatalization in -est +Loc nouns - removing palatalization in +Sg+Ill, pieˊss: peässa

Consonant gradaton rules

Weakening Consonant Cluster

dealing with relative length changes mõõnnâd : mõˊnne : mõõn

Even syllabic verbs I, cg - used with +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, teevvad > teev, jiõnn: jiõn

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel V>VV and SS>ZZ used with +N+Sg+Nom > +N+Sg+Gen for cases like kuss > kuuzz.

 Cx:Cy <=> [#: | C: ] V: (:V) (%ˊ: | 0:%ˊ) Cx: _ %^VOWXL: ; 
           [#: | C: ] V: (:V) (%ˊ: | 0:%ˊ) _ Cx: %^VOWXL: ; 
                 where Cx in (k s)                          
                       Cy in (ǥ z)                          
                 matched ;                                  

Even syllabic nouns I, with extra lengthening of vowel ij>ii/uv>uu and dd>d - used with +N+Sg+Nom > +N+Sg+Gen, sijdd > siid

Even syllabic verbs I, Voicing - ss: zz, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants at coda become voiced in gradation

Even syllabic verbs I, third consonant loss - lgg: lǥ, V Ca Cx Cx: 0, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg, double consonants following consonant at coda that become single consonants in gradation

Even syllabic verbs I, third consonant loss idd:id - idd: id, +Imp+Sg2, +Ind+Prs+ConNeg double consonants following vowel and "i" at coda that become single consonants in gradation

Even syllabic verbs I, t>đ - tt: đ

Even syllabic verbs I, second consonant loss -

Even syllabic verbs I, lgg>lǥ - vueˊlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prs+Sg2 => vuâlǥak

Even syllabic verbs I, 'lǧǧ>'lj - vueˊlǧǧed+V+Ind+Prt+Pl1 => vuõˊljim

Rules for cleaning up and composing end result

• Strengthening Consonant Cluster
• V shortening and C lengthening
• %^CLong is generally used in conjunction with a preceding %^VOWSH
• In verbs this will be observed in finite forms
• In derivational morphology, e.g. -škuetted, this is not the case

Orthographic Consonant lengthening in INDPRSSG3 and IMPSG2 - kååˊmmerd