phonology-morphology

The Livonian morphophonological/twolc rules file

Alphabet

  • a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
  • A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  • ḑ ļ ņ ŗ š ț ž
  • Ḑ Ļ Ņ Ŗ Š Ț Ž
  • õ ä ö ȯ
  • Õ Ä Ö Ȯ
  • ā ē ī ō ū ǟ ǭ ȭ ȱ
  • Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū Ǟ Ǭ Ȭ Ȱ

ʼ Stød 

  %[%>%]  - Literal >
  %[%<%]  - Literal <

Triggers

  • %^PenVV2V: 0 penultimate vowel shortening
  • %^Tense: 0 = Tense stem will have stød if proper stem type
  • %^D2T: 0 d: t veʼž: veʼd: vietā
  • %^PreI: 0 i: 0 veʼž: veʼd: vietā
  • %^ĪE2Ē: 0 kēļ kīel
  • K1: k this k is not effected by gradation
  • %^NoGrad: 0 This will be placed after a stem to break Gradation
  • %^WGStem: 0 this weakens the stem ompel to ommel
  • %^TS: 0 The ti => si
  • %^D2Ž: 0 The *ti => *si
  • %^D2ZERO: 0 The d => 0

Vowel raising

  • %^LowerVows: 0 lower vowel
  • %^RVows: 0 raise vowel
  • %^VowsSh1: 0 vowel shortening in first syllable
  • %^VowsShU1: 0
  • %^VowsShI1: 0
  • %^DiphthSh1: 0
  • %^VowsLI1: 0 vowel lengthening that is followed by "i" when short
  • %^VowsLU1: 0 vowel lengthening that is followed by "u" when short
  • %^VowsL1: 0 vowel lengthening
  • %^DiphthL1: 0
  • %^LongV2Õin2: 0 long vowel to õ in second syllable
  • %^Vow2Iin2: 0 vowel to i or ī in second syllable

vowel metathesis

VOWEL SHORTENING

  • %^VowShIn1: 0 This causes vowel shortening in 1. syll
  • accompanied by coda consonant lengthening
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 This causes 2. syll a => õ
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 lengthen consonant
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 Vow in middle ētam: eitmõd
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 laps: läpš
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 kīndõr: kīndiriž
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 Hyphen in constructions
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 morpheme boundary
  • %^A2ÕIn2: 0 Word boundary for both lexicalised and dynamic compounds

Sets

Rule section

Vowel rules

Shortening in first syllable

ǟ:ä in first syllable

kǟnga%^VowShIn1%^A2ÕIn2 examples:

kängõ00 examples:

ā:a in first syllable

āļdža%^VowShIn1%^A2ÕIn2 examples:

aļdžõ00 examples:

āita%^PenVV2V%^VowsRM%>õ examples:

ait000%>õ examples:

ȱ:ȯ

vȱntsa%^VowShIn1%^VowsRM%>õ examples:

vȯnts0000õ examples:

ā:ī in second syllable plural

rikkā%^ConsSh%^Vow2Iin2>di examples:

rik0ī000di examples:

ū:ī in second syllable plural

ruzū%^Vow2Iin2>di examples:

ruzī000di examples:

a:i in second syllable plural

āita%^Vow2Iin2>di examples:

āiti00di examples:

ǭ:a in first syllable

ē:e in first syllable

ū:u in first syllable

ū:ȯ in first syllable

pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL examples:

pȯ0llõ00 examples:

pūoga%^VowsSh1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>õ examples:

pȯig00000õ examples:

ī:i in first syllable

tīer0a%^VowShIn1%^A2ÕIn2 examples:

tierrõ00 examples:

ȭ:õ in first syllable

mȭuka%^VowsSh1%^VowsRM%>õ examples:

mõuk0000õ examples:

ō:o in first syllable

lengthen vowels

e:ē in first syllable

leiba%^VowsLI1%>st examples:

lē0ba00st examples:

tei%^VowsLI1%>ḑi examples:

tē000ḑi examples:

u:ū in first syllable

ul%^VowsLI1>õd examples:

ūl00õd examples:

õ:ȭ in first syllable

ȯ:ū in first syllable

ä:ǟ in first syllable

0:i after shortened vowel or diphthong

v0eʼd%^PreI examples:

vieʼd0 examples:

0:u after shortened vowel or diphthong

0:o after shortened vowel or diphthong

VOWEL LENGTHENING

a:ǭ in first syllable

tam%^VowsL1aToǭõd examples:

tǭm0õd examples:

a:ā in first syllable

kand%^VowsLI1õd examples:

kāndõd examples:

i:ī in first syllable

niŗț%^VowsLI1%>õ examples:

nīŗț00õ examples:

o:ō in first syllable

ouki%^VowsLI1z examples:

ō0ki0z examples:

o:i

pūog%^VowsSh1%^PalatalizeLeft%>õ examples:

pȯig0000õ examples:

LOWER VOWELS ī:ē in tīe 15

tīʼe%^LowerVows%^StodRM%^VowsRM%>šti examples:

tē000000šti examples:

kīel%^ĪE2Ē%^PalatalizeLeft examples:

kē0ļ00 examples:

Destressing in second syllable ā:õ

käp0ā%^ConsL%^LongV2Õin2 examples:

käppõ00 examples:

  • rik0āz%^Stress2to1%^ConsRM
  • rikkõ000

a:õ

tīer0a%^VowShIn1%^A2ÕIn2 examples:

tierrõ00 examples:

ū:õ

õ:i

ǭʼrõn%^PalatalizeLeft examples:

ǭʼriņ0 examples:

nȭŗkõz%^PalatalizeLeft%>ist examples:

nȭŗkiz00ist examples:

VOWEL LOSS

ā:0

aʼmmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ži examples:

äʼm000000ži examples:

aʼmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ḑi examples:

ä0m00000ḑi examples:

daʼdzā%^Stress1to2%^VowsRM%>õ examples:

daʼdz0000õ examples:

maʼigāz%^StodRM%^VowsRM%^ConsRM>īst examples:

ma0ig000000īst examples:

ū:0

ī:0

sīe%>i examples:

s0e0i examples:

a:0

jǭr0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL%^VowsRMõ examples:

jarr0000õ examples:

pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL%^VowsRMõ examples:

pȯ0ll0000õ examples:

kǟnga%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMi examples:

keņg0000i examples:

e:0

  • tīʼe%^LowerVows%^StodRM%^VowsRM%>šti
  • tē000000šti kēļ+N+Sg+Nom
  • kīel%^ĪE2Ē%^PalatalizeLeft
  • kē0l00

õ:0

kittõ%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>dõd examples:

kit00000tõd examples:

i:0 in first syllable

leiba%^VowsLI1%>st examples:

lē0ba00st examples:

tei%^VowsLI1%>ḑi examples:

tē000ḑi examples:

lǭija%^ConsSh examples:

lǭ0ja0 examples:

liestā%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>i examples:

l0ešt00000i examples:

ūiska%^ConsSh examples:

ū0ška0 examples:

u:0 in second position of first-syllable diphthong

ouki%^VowsLI1z examples:

ō0ki0z examples:

pǟuva%^ConsSh examples:

pǟ0va0 examples:

o:0 in second position of first-syllable diphthong 


__pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL examples:__

__pȯ0llõ00 examples:__

Zero to vowel

0:õ in vowel metathesis

Consonant rules

Consonant loss

shorten consonantism between 1st and 2nd vowel center jeʼllõ:jelāb

aʼmmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ži examples:

äʼm000000ži examples:

z:0

  • rik0āz%^Stress2to1%^ConsRM

Consonant lengthening

Lengthening consonantism between first and second vowel center simultaneous to reducing vowel of second syllable

lengthen consonantism between 1st and 2nd vowel center jelāb:jellõ

  • je0l0ā%^Stress2to1
  • ka0l0ā%^Stress2to1
  • rik0āz%^Stress2to1%^ConsRM

pūol0a%^Stress1to2%^ConsL examples:

pȯ0llõ00 examples:

0:p

käp0ā%^ConsL%^LongV2Õin2 examples:

käppõ00 examples:

%{XC%}:Cx

%{XC%}:p2014-02-27

kep%{XC%}>õ examples:

kepp0õ examples:

%{XC%}:s2020-10-21 tas+N+Sg+Ill

  • tas{XC}>õ
  • tass>õ

%{XC%}:ž2014-02-27

veʼd%^D2Ž%{XC%}>i examples:

veʼž0ž0i examples:

%{XC%}:k2014-02-27

rok%{XC%}>õ examples:

rokk0õ examples:

Stod removal left

daʼdzā%^Stress1to2%^VowsRM%>õ examples:

daʼdz0000õ examples: aʼb#sõʼnā+N+Sg+Nom:

  • aʼb#sõʼn%^StodRMā
  • aʼb#sõ0n0ā

ka0l0ā%^Stress2to1 examples:

kaʼllõ0 examples:

z:ž

alīz%^PalatalizeLeft%>i examples:

alīž00i examples:

izā%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>ḑi examples:

iž0000ḑi examples:

d:ḑ lēʼḑ: līʼed 147

l:ļ This rule should not require the %^ConsRM: 0 trigger, but for now this makes it work. kēļ: kēl 215

äʼddõl%^PalatalizeLeft%>i examples:

äʼddiļ00i examples:

tuʼl%^StodRM%^PalatalizeLeft%>īž examples:

tu0ļ000īž examples:

n:ņ palatalization

Vē0na%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMõ examples:

Vein000õ examples:

ǭʼrõn%^PalatalizeLeft examples:

ǭʼriņ0 examples:

vȱntsa%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>ti examples:

vȯņtš00000ti examples: sēņ: sēn 220

kǟnga%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMi examples:

keņg0000i examples:

r:ŗ jūŗ: jūr 221

ǟrga%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMi examples:

eŗg0000i examples:

d:t

kittõ%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>dõd examples:

kit00000tõd examples: nominative plural

v0eʼd%^PreI%^StodRM%^D2T examples:

vie0t examples:

d:ț

d:ž

Consonant loss

d:0 Vow: (Cns: +) _ (%^PreI: %^StodRM:

%^VowsLI1: ) %^D2ZERO: 0 ;

T loss before subsequent morpheme with underlying initial d

kittõ%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>dõd examples:

kit00000tõd examples:

k:0

rikkā%^ConsSh%^Vow2Iin2di examples:

rik0ī00di examples:

ț:0

s:š palatalization

liestā%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRM%>i examples:

l0ešt00000i examples:

pȯ0is%^VowsLI1õd examples:

pūo0š0õd examples:

ǟ:ē palatalization

ǟ:e short and palatalization

kǟnga%^VowShIn1%^PalatalizeLeft%^VowsRMi examples:

keņg0000i examples:

a:ä palatalization

aʼmā%^PalatalizeLeft%^ConsSh%^VowsRM%>ḑi examples:

äʼm00000ḑi examples: